The paper describes a parametric study developed to estimate the energy and peak power savings potential of radiant cooling systems in commercial buildings in the US. The study is based on the numerical modeling of a radiant cooling system and an all-air system at different locations in the US. The results show that a building equipped with a radiant cooling system can be operated in any US climate with low risk of condensation. For the office space examined in the study, employing a radiant cooling system instead of a traditional all-air system can save on average 30% of the energy consumption and 27% of the peak power demand due to space conditioning. The savings potential is climate-dependent, and is larger in retrofitted buildings than in new construction. q 1999 Published by Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. 7.1.3.1 Introduction 61 7.1.3.2 Units 63 7.2 The SPARK passive elements 64 7.2.1 Unidimensional heat transfer 64 7.2.1.1 The unidimensional heat conductiodstorage equations 64 .. 11 7.2.1.2 The RC approach to solve the heat conductioxdstorage equations for one solid layer in SPARK 66 7.2.2 The structure of the passive wall in SPARK 66 7.2.2.1 The equations for the temperature nodes in SPARK 68 7.2.2.2 Test to determine the accuracy of the RC wall model 69 7.2.3.1 The convective heat flux on the surface of a wall 72 7.2.3.2 The long wave (IR) heat flux exchange between a wall and its exterior surroundings 73 7.2.3.3 The solar radiation incident on the surface of a wall 74 7.2.4 Interior surface radiant heat balance for a wall with thermal mass 75 7.2.4.1 The convective heat flux on the interior surface of a wall 76 7.2.4.2 The IR radiative exchange between a wall and the other room surfaces 77 7.2.4.3 Solar and people/equipment radiation incident on the interior surface of a 7.2.3 Exterior surface radiant heat balance for a wall with thermal mass 72 wall 79 7.2.5 The 4-layer passive underground floor with thermal mass 80 7.2.5.1 Comparison between the floor and the wall with thermal mass 80 7.2.5.2 Exterior surface radiant heat balance for a floor with thermal mass 80 7.2.6 The double-pane window with thermal mass 81 7.2.6.1 Comparison between a window pane and a wall 8 1 7.2.6.2 Heat conductiodstorage for a double-pane window 8 1 7.2.6.3 The heat balance for the exterior pane of a double-pane window 83 7.2.6.4 The heat balance for the interior pane of a double-pane window 83 7.3 The core cooling ceiling 84 7.3.1 Two-dimensional heat transfer analysis 84 7.3.1.1 The heat conduction/storage equations in two-dimensional 84 7.3.1.2 The RC solution to the two-dimensional heat conductiodstorage 7.3.1.3 The two-dimensional model of the wall in SPARK 86 7.3.1.4 Test to determine the accuracy of the RC model 88 7.3.2 The SPARK model of the core cooling ceiling 90 7.3.2.1 Forced heat convection transfer between water and the pipe walls 91 7.3.2.2 Heat conduction from the pipe to the water, when the water is 7.3.2.3 Heat conduction from the pipe walls to the water, when the water is 7.3.2.4 The two-dimensional model application in the case of a cooled ceiling 94 equations 85 recirculated 92 not flowing 94 7.4 The cooling panel 97 7.4.1 The model of the cooling panel 97 7.4.1.1 Cooling panel heat transfer 97 7.4.1.2 Cooling panel heat balance 98 7.5 Radiant cooling system controls 99 ... 111 7.5.1 Thermostat-based control 99 7.5.2 Timer-based control 100 7.5.3 Hybrid control 101 7.6 The room air 102 7.6.1 The air temperature 102 7.6.2 Discretization of the room air domain in SPARK 103 7.6.3 Room air heat balance 103 7.6.4 Plenum air heat balance 108 7.6.5 Room air moisture balance 109 7.7 Link objects 110 7.8 Preliminary data processing 110 7.8.1 Introduction 1 10 7.8.2 Weather-related data ...
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