Natural organic matter (NOM) represents a range of heterogeneous hydrophobic and hydrophilic components naturally occurring in the water source and, due to the fact that they can act as precursors for the disinfection, by-products may have a considerable impact on drinking water quality. Coagulation–flocculation (C/F) is among the most applied processes for NOM removal from water sources (especially rivers). In this study, C/F efficiency for a river water supply was investigated in cold and warm conditions, by varying the coagulant dose and mixing conditions. In this study, polyhydroxy aluminum chloride PAX XL 60, and polyacrylamide FloPam AN 910 SEP were used as coagulant and flocculant, respectively. Multiple water quality indicators were determined, such as turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and residual aluminum concentration. Some unconventional parameters relevant for NOM removal were also considered, like absorbance at 254 nm (A254), at 280 nm (A280), and at 365 nm (A365), as well as the ratios A254/DOC, A254/280, and A254/A365. After coagulation–flocculation, turbidity was completely removed in all the studied conditions. The DOC content was reduced by up to 22.65% at a low temperature and by up to 31.81% at a high temperature. After the addition of polyelectrolyte in cold conditions, the efficiency in terms of A254 increased by up to 37.4%, while the specific absorbance decreased. The high molecular weight NOM increased after C/F, based on the A254/A365 ratio. Chemometric analysis was employed in order to determine the effect of the coagulant dose on the process efficiency. The optimum coagulation–flocculation conditions were corroborated by means of the principal component analysis.
The Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) concept evolved over time, the focus on river basin management, consultation and coordination with all water users, and the use of the "polluter pays" principle being all included in the EU Water Framework Directive (EC Directive, 2000), which forms the basis of water management undertaken in Europe. The role and significance of water resources for sustainable development, as well as the water crisis experienced nowadays are influenced by water management, indicating the need for optimum management strategies and associated implementation alternatives. The integrated approach requires adequate information and communication within a structure that groups different stakeholders (industry, agriculture, other types of water users, civil society representatives, universities, research institutions, water authorities, waterworks companies), being thus characterized by a high level of complexity, and requiring the involvement of numerous decision-makers operating at different levels. Within the integrated approach, the association with specific policies and legal frameworks, multidisciplinary research (sciences, engineering, management), education and training, communication, public participation and cooperation at both national and international scale should be dealt with in a system that consider WATER flow and usage in its whole cycle of supply, use and reuse/recycling. This paper presents an overview of the water quality problems in the Prut River Basin (Romania), by critically analysing the environmental particularities of the river basin, the major natural and human/industrial related impacts, the specific pollutant inputs and hydro-morphological pressures as well as the water supply and demand evolution in the last 3 years. This study is part of a complex research project that envisages the creation of technical and economical support systems for integrated water resources management in Romania (STEDIWAT project).
This paper presents a study on the integration of two advanced treatment processes for the removal of priority organic processes from wastewaters: catalytic oxidation (Fenton homogenous process) followed by ultrafiltration. The aim of this study was to assess the removal efficiency for 4-chlorophenol (used as model pollutant), as well as the decrease in effluent toxicity in various processes conditions. The experiments have mainly focused on studying the effect of the oxidant dose of the catalytic oxidation process on the performance of the ultrafiltration process and on the toxicity of the final effluents. Furthermore, the mechanisms of the Fenton homogenous oxidation processes and the removal of heavy molecular weight compounds in ultrafiltration were studied. The results have shown that the toxicity of the effluents decreases significantly through catalytic oxidation, while the ultrafiltration process mainly contributes in removing the oxidation intermediates, especially the high molecular weight compounds.
Water quality index is an essential tool for water quality assessment. Considering the frequent use of automated water quality monitoring systems, their importance in generating data and information for the efficient management of water treatment plants, the design of such an index would allow the detection of point-pollution episodes, which otherwise would occur undetected and would have a significant impact on the water quality and its further treatment. In this study, a versatile weighted water quality index is presented. The proposed index is validated by using historical data recorded by the on-line monitoring system at the intake from Prut River during the period February -December 2012. The parameters selected for evaluation were: pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrates and total organic carbon. The weighted index is compared with the well-known Canadian water quality index. For the period under study, the scores for both indexes resulted in class IV of quality, corresponding to a medium water quality. The sensitivity analysis indicates a higher accuracy of the weighted index model as compared to the Canadian index model. The proposed index may be used as a communication tool for water quality towards the general public and various other water stakeholders, and as an operational control instrument for comparing water quality to diverse uses requirements (drinking water use in this study).
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