In this Perspective, we highlight recent progress and challenges related to the integration of lithium metal anodes in solid-state batteries. While prior reports have suggested that solid electrolytes may be impermeable to lithium metal, this hypothesis has been disproven under a variety of electrolyte compositions and cycling conditions. Herein, we describe the mechanistic origins and importance of lithium filament growth and interphase formation in inorganic and organic solid electrolytes. Multimodal techniques that combine real and reciprocal space imaging and modeling will be necessary to fully understand nonequilibrium dynamics at these buried interfaces. Currently, most studies on lithium electrode kinetics at solid electrolyte interfaces are completed in symmetric Li–Li configurations. To fully understand the challenges and opportunities afforded by Li-metal anodes, full-cell experiments are necessary. Finally, the impacts of operating conditions on solid-state batteries are largely unknown with respect to pressure, geometry, and break-in protocols. Given the rapid growth of this community and the diverse portfolio of solid electrolytes, we highlight the need for detailed reporting of experimental conditions and standardization of protocols across the community.

This roadmap includes the perspectives and visions of leading researchers in the key areas of flexible and printable electronics. The covered topics are broadly organized by the device technologies (sections 1-9), fabrication techniques (sections 10-12), and design and modeling

Ionogels are an emerging class of soft materials that exhibit ionic conductivity and thermal stability

No abstract

3-dimensional (3D) electrode architectures have been explored as a means to decouple power and energy trade-offs in thick battery electrodes. Limited work has been published which systematically examines the impact of these architectures at the pouch cell level. This paper conducts an analysis on the potential capacity gains that can be realized with thick co-extruded electrodes in a pouch cell. Our findings show that despite lower active material composition for each cathode layer, the effective gain in thickness and active material loading enables pouch cell capacity gains greater than 10% with a Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) materials system.

T wo major trends are changing the way batteries are designed. First, small portable electronic devices have steadily evolved toward compact and thin form factors while retaining high levels of device functionality. As a result of this trend, batteries have become an everincreasing fraction of the total device volume, as shown in Fig. 1. Second, the advent of truly manufacturable and scalable flexible electronics has lifted the dimensional limitations of device design. However, this has in turn introduced new design complexities for integration, processing, and reliability. Connecting and integrating a battery, which oftentimes is the largest component in an electronic device, poses complex manufacturing, cost, and reliability issues. These technology progressions have motivated a shift in energy storage design and manufacturing to accommodate novel materials, new device geometries, and non-traditional fabrication methods. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a suite of manufacturing processes that is currently changing the way we design and manufacture products.1 AM technology will lead to a revolution in the way energy storage components are designed, integrated, and utilized in electronic devices. In this article we focus on recent advances in additive manufacturing for batteries and highlight current and future research directions for battery design, manufacturing, and integration for small, portable, and wearable electronics. Conventional Large-scale Battery ManufacturingAdvances in batteries are following typical process scale and efficiency trajectories. Batteries, such as the lithium-ion (Li-ion) cells found in smartphones, typically contain four main elements: a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a liquid electrolyte, and polymer-based separators. Focusing on the anode and cathode, traditional fabrication methods use ink-like materials (referred to as slurries) to form the electrode films. The slurries are formed by mixing electrode materials and conductive additives with binders for adhesion. This slurry is then spread onto a foil in a slot die or blade coating machine.Slot die or blade coating is the standard method for depositing battery electrodes in industry. In this process, a slot die head or blade is set a fixed distance from a current collector substrate. In large-scale production, the substrate moves, the head/ blade is fixed, and material is continuously injected onto the moving foil and is evenly distributed over the current collector. The head/blade typically resides about 5-200 µm above the current collector substrate where smaller gap distances may result in imperfect applied films after drying, and larger operating gaps may result in uneven surfaces. The final thickness of the dried electrode depends on the concentration, morphology, viscosity, and surface chemistry of the ink or slurry. This coating process has been used successfully at scale for many years to fabricate battery electrodes, however, there is no inherent capability to pattern shapes or nonrectilinear features into this e...

No abstract

No abstract