Background Point prevalence surveys (PPSs) on antibiotic use are useful for understanding different aspects related to prescription patterns in hospitals. Methods An adaptation of the WHO methodology for a PPS on antibiotic use was applied. Hospital wards were divided into medical (MED), surgical (SUR), ICUs, gynaecology and obstetrics (GO), high-risk (HR) and mixed wards (MIX). A web application (RedCap©) through a mobile device was used for data collection. Results Between December 2018 and August 2019, 5444 patients in 33 hospitals in five countries were included (10 hospitals in Cuba, 7 in Paraguay, 6 in El Salvador, 5 in Mexico and 5 in Peru). Of these patients, 54.6% received at least one antibiotic, with variations between and within hospitals and countries. Antibiotics were more frequently used in ICUs (67.2%), SUR (64.5%) and MED wards (54.2%), with 51.2% of antibiotics prescribed for community-acquired infections (CAIs), 22.9% for healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), 11.1% for surgical prophylaxis and 6.1% for unknown reasons. Adherence to guidelines was observed in 68.6% of cases (72.8% for CAIs, 72.4% for HAIs and 44.3% for prophylaxis). Third-generation cephalosporins were the class of antibiotics most frequently used (26.8%), followed by carbapenems (10.3%) and fluoroquinolones (8%). Targeted treatments were achieved in 17.3% of cases. Conclusions Antibiotic use was generally higher than that published in other studies. There is an urgent need to promote and strengthen the antimicrobial stewardship programmes in Latin America.
We report a case of an 11 year old male who presented with bacteremia by S. epidermidis and soft tissue abscesses after a bone autograft procedure. The patient received only medical treatment, resolving the abscesses successfully. We also did a review of the literature on S. epidermidis bacteremia, an entity which has acquired increasing importance in the etiology of hospital infections. (Rev Med Hered 2003; 14:221-223)
Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de microorganismos y el patrón de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en aislamientos de cultivos de secreción endotraqueal en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital nacional de Lima. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo. Se incluyeron 195 cultivos positivos de secreción endotraqueal de pacientes en ventilación mecánica durante el periodo enero a diciembre del 2016. Resultados: Acinetobacter sp. fue la bacteria más frecuentemente aislada (28%) seguido por Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22%) y Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%), Los aislamientos con Acinetobacter sp. presentaron una elevada resistencia a antibióticos carbapenémicos (meropenem 90% eimipenem 88%). Conclusiones: Se identificó una elevada frecuencia de Acinetobacter sp. En cultivos de secreción traqueal en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, con un patrón de multirresistencia.
Las bacterias a lo largo del tiempo han desarrollado mecanismos efectivos para evitar la acción de los antimicrobianos. Estas infecciones resistentes son más difíciles de tratar, generando mayores tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad, necesitándose a su vez más recursos para controlarlas, lo que genera un aumento significativo en los costos de salud. Si bien este es un problema que afecta a todo el mundo, los países con menores recursos invierten menos en la prevención por lo que frecuentemente presentan mayores tasas de resistencia. Los hospitales son ambientes en los que la resistencia antimicrobiana se manifiesta al máximo, ya que en un área relativamente pequeña se encuentran agrupados un importante número de pacientes que reciben antimicrobianos, lo que lleva a una “presión” sobre las bacterias provocando la emergencia de mecanismos de resistencia y su transmisión en el ambiente hospitalario. Si bien en la comunidad, la frecuencia de infecciones resistentes es menor, debe considerarse que el número de pacientes es mucho mayor que en el hospital, lo que conlleva a que se maneje un importante número de infecciones resistentes en el ambiente comunitario.
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