The completeness of the information provided in the suspected ADR reports submitted during the sample study years was incomplete and, in general, did not fulfil the requirements established by the NOM guidelines. Among the pharmaceutical industry, CEFV and CIFV, the suspected ADR reports were mainly provided by the pharmaceutical industry. It is necessary to improve the pharmacovigilance system in Mexico to achieve a high level of completeness of suspected ADR reports that totally fulfil the standing regulations.
The completeness of the information provided in the suspected ADR reports submitted during the sample study years was incomplete and, in general, did not fulfil the requirements established by the NOM guidelines. Among the pharmaceutical industry, CEFV and CIFV, the suspected ADR reports were mainly provided by the pharmaceutical industry. It is necessary to improve the pharmacovigilance system in Mexico to achieve a high level of completeness of suspected ADR reports that totally fulfil the standing regulations.
IntroductionWorldwide, diabetes mellitus presents a high burden for individuals and society. In Latin America, many people with diabetes have limited access to health care, which means that indirect costs may exceed direct health care cost. Diabetes is Mexico’s leading cause of death.PurposeTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness ratios of the most used oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) in the treatment of outpatients with type 2 diabetes attending a public primary care clinic in Mexico City.DesignA cross-sectional and analytic study was conducted in Mexico City.MethodologyTwenty-seven adult outpatients with type 2 diabetes who were treated either with metformin or glibenclamide were included. Acarbose was used as an alternative strategy. The study was carried out from the perspective of Mexican society. Direct medical and nonmedical costs as well as indirect costs were evaluated using a structured questionnaire. Efficacies of all drug treatments were evaluated retrospectively. A systematic search was conducted to select published randomized clinical trials based on predetermined inclusion criteria, and treatment success was defined as glycosylated hemoglobin factor ≤ 7%. Efficacy data of each drug and/or combination were analyzed using meta-analysis. The Monte Carlo Markov model was used. Quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) were used as the unit of effectiveness; incremental and sensitive analyses were performed and a 5% discount rate was calculated. A hypothetical cohort of 10,000 patients was modeled.ResultsThe odds ratios of the success of each drug treatment were obtained from the meta-analyses, and were the following: 5.82 (glibenclamide), 3.86 (metformin), 3.5 (acarbose), and 6.76 (metformin–glibenclamide). The cost-effectiveness ratios found were US$272.63/QALY (glibenclamide), US$296.48/QALY (metformin), and US$409.86/QALY (acarbose). Sensitivity analysis did not show changes for the most cost-effective therapy when the effectiveness probabilities or treatment costs were modified.ConclusionGlibenclamide is the most cost-effective treatment for the present study outpatient population diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in the early stages.
Abstract:The health benefits of nutrients provided by edible insects are not properly studied, even though insect intake in Latin American and Asia is a cultural tradition since ancient times. Insects from the giant water bug (Belostomidae family) are consumed both in Mexico and Thailand, and are known as "Cucarachon de agua" (Lethocerus americanus) and "Mangda" (Lethocerus indicus), respectively. Raw samples of these insects were collected on 2014 at Xochimilco channels from Mexico and from Warorot night market in Chiang Mai, Thailand to further analyze nutrient composition of samples according to official methods of analysis (AOAC) techniques. The nutrient compositions were as following: proteins 60.12% and 53.11%; lipids 5.72% and 8.15%; minerals 5.46% and 6.75%; fiber 10.95 % and 12.23%; soluble carbohydrates 17.75% and 19.74%, for insects obtained from Mexico and Thailand, respectively. Giant water bug shows differences in nutrient composition. It may be the consequence of differences in the environment where they acquire the nutrients necessary for growth and reproduction. However, giant water bugs are available all year around and are a good source of proteins that could help people to obtain a cheaper source of this important macronutrient.
Resumen El tabaquismo, un problema de salud considerado factor de riesgo que predispone al desarrollo de enfermedades derivadas o asociadas con el consumo crónico de tabaco, entre ellas cardiovasculares, pulmonares y cáncer, se presenta aquí como una propuesta de modelo educativo en la adquisición de conocimientos y habilidades de los alumnos del séptimo módulo de la licenciatura en Química Farmacéutica Biológica de la UAM-X, en su proceso de enseñanzaaprendizaje. Nuestra experiencia fue satisfactoria, ya que este modelo resultó idóneo para la revisión de los contenidos teóricos relacionados con los aspectos sociosanitarios, socioeconómicos y epidemiológicos, así como en los farmacológicos y toxicológicos, además de otros no menos importantes como las regulaciones y normas derivadas de la Ley General de Salud, enfocada a la prevención del consumo y venta de tabaco. Respecto a las habilidades prácticas, se logró adaptar una técnica de análisis químico, como fue en este caso, la determinación del ion tiocianato, uno de los biomarcadores que se utilizan como indicadores del grado de exposición al humo de tabaco ambiental de fumadores activos y pasivos.Derechos Reservados © 2015 Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química. Este es un artículo de acceso abierto distribuido bajo los términos de la Licencia Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.Abstract Smoking, a problem of health considered as a risk factor that predisposes to the development of diseases arising of or associated with chronic consumption of tobacco, including cardiovascular, pulmonary and cancer, is presented here as an educational model proposed in the acquisition of knowledge and skills of students in the seventh module of the degree of the career of Pharmaceutical-Biological Chemist (QFB), UAM-X, in teaching-learning process. Our experience was satisfactory since this model was suitable for review the theoretical contents related to health aspects, socioeconomic and epidemiological as well as pharmacological and toxicological and other equally important such as, regulations and norms derived from the General Law aimed at preventing the use and sale of tobacco. Regarding the practical skills, it
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