Resumen. Este trabajo ofrece un análisis histórico sobre los problemas que tuvo que resolver la ciencia hasta llegar a la construcción de los conceptos macroscópicos de sustancia y compuesto químico en el contexto de la teoría daltoniana. Por otra parte, en él se muestran algunas de las difi cultades de comprensión que estos conceptos ofrecen a los estudiantes. Para determinarlas, se realiza un estudio transversal con alumnos de 15 a 18 años, lo que permite evaluar el signifi cado que otorgan a la idea de sustancia, al tiempo que se constata la necesidad de su comprensión para poder entender los cambios químicos. Por último, se plantea la existencia de ciertas semejanzas entre las ideas sobre la composición de la materia que ofrecen modelos históricos anteriores a la teoría daltoniana y la visión actual de los estudiantes.Palabras clave. Problemas históricos, difi cultades de aprendizaje, sustancia, compuesto químico. Historical problems and students' diffi culties to the conceptualization of chemical substance and compoundSummary. In this work we offer a historical analysis about the problems that science had to solve in order to elaborate the macroscopic concepts of substance and chemical compound in the daltonian theory context. On it we show, too, some of the students' diffi culties to comprehend these concepts. To settle them, we have carried out a transversal study among 15 to 18 year old students in order to evaluate the meaning they give to the idea of substance. Our claim is that its comprehension is necessary to be able to understand chemical changes. Finally, in relation to the ideas about matter consideration, we propose the existence of certain similarities among some historical models previous to the daltonian theory and the students' present vision.
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