In this work, the adsorption and orientation on gold nanoparticles (AuNps) of a new family of cruciform systems consisting of thiophene rings and imino groups were studied. The structural modification and its influence on the adsorbate‐substrate interaction were evaluated by UV–Vis spectroscopy and Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS). The absence of SERS spectrum for (N,N′‐bis(4‐(trifluoromethyl)benzylidene)‐2,5‐di (thiophene‐2‐yl)‐1,4‐diaminobenzene) CFF shows that the inclusion of a trifluoromethyl group (‐CF3) on the benzylidene fragment limits the interaction of the CFF system with the gold substrate, in contrast, to that obtained for (N, N′‐dibenzylidene‐2,5‐di (thiophene‐2‐yl) ‐1,4‐diaminobenzene) 2‐CF and (N, N′‐bis (4‐methoxybenzylidene) ‐2,5‐di (thiophene‐2yl) ‐1,4‐diaminobenzene) CMF, where the adsorption took place preferentially through the thiophene rings, resulting in partial quinoidization. On the other hand, the interaction for compound (N, N′‐bis (4‐methylenepyridinyl) ‐2,5‐di (thiophene‐2‐yl) ‐1,4‐diaminobenzene) CPy with the surface was conducted by means of the pyridinic fragments. The systematic modification of the bifunctional cruciform systems, with groups of different nature, makes it possible to rationalize the structural aspects that directly influence the adsorbate‐substrate interaction and molecular orientation on gold substrates. These structural parameters are the basis to the development of stable molecular assemblies, which can act as basic building blocks in the manufacture of molecular switches.
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a risk factor for the development of the most prevalent mental disorders in adulthood, including major depression, and are associated with a more complex clinical presentation and increased severity, which requires a unique approach. In Chile, depression is subject to explicit legal mandates ensuring access to and guidelines for clinical care issued by the government. Ninety percent of depressed patients are treated in primary care. A third of primary patients presenting with depression in the VII Region are characterized by increased suicidality and histories of exposure to ACEs and violence within the family. These patients require a specialized treatment that incorporates research findings in the field of trauma, as applied to the treatment of depression. Together, results from the ACE Study, neurobiological evidence from exposure to toxic stress and the model of traumainformed care comprise a framework that can orient clinical practice in healthcare settings. The purpose of this article is to review the literature with the goal of update the clinical approach and suggest future research in this subgroup of depressed patients.
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