MT progresses rapidly to significant morbidity and mortality despite level I TC care. Patients who require MT can be predicted early, and persistent low StO2 identifies those MT patients destined to have poor outcome. The ultimate goal is to identify these high risk patients as early as possible to test new strategies to improve outcome. Further validation studies are needed to analyze appropriate allocation and study appropriate use of damage control interventions.

The Physics Education Group at the University of Washington is deeply involved in preparing K-12 teachers to teach physics and physical science by inquiry. During the academic year, the Department offers special courses for preservice (prospective) teachers. During the summer, the group conducts a sixweek, intensive NSF Summer Institute for Inservice Teachers. The group also designs and helps conduct local short-term workshops for teachers. This paper is a distillation of more than 25 years of experience in working with K-12 teachers. 1 Teacher preparation has been an integral part of our group's comprehensive program in research, curriculum development, and instruction. Research by our group focuses on investigations of student understanding in physics. The results are used to guide the design of instructional materials for various student populations at the introductory level and beyond. We have drawn on our research findings and teaching experience in developing Physics by Inquiry. 2 This self-contained, laboratory-based curriculum is designed for use in university courses to prepare K-12 teachers to teach physics and physical science effectively. Ongoing assesment of the instructional materials takes place both at our university and at pilot sites. Need for Special Physics Courses for TeachersMost science departments, including physics, do not take into account the needs of prospective elementary and middle school teachers. These students often lack the prerequisites for even the standard introductory courses, especially in the physical sciences. They are unlikely to pursue the study of any science in depth because the vertical structure of the subject matter requires progression through a prescribed sequence of courses. In physics, in particular, the need for mathematical facility in the standard courses effectively excludes those planning to teach below the high-school level. The only courses generally available are almost entirely descriptive. A great deal of material is presented, for which most preservice and inservice teachers (as well as other students) have neither the Preparing Teachers to Teach Physics and Physical Science by InquiryLillian C. McDermott and Peter S. Shaffer University of Washington~ 71 ~ background nor the time to absorb. Such courses often reinforce a tendency to perceive physics as an inert body of information to be memorized, not as an active process of inquiry in which teachers and students can participate.Many university faculty seem to believe that the effectiveness of a high school teacher depends on the number and rigor of courses taken in the discipline. This attitude seems to prevail in most physics departments. Accordingly, the usual practice is to offer the standard department courses to future high school physics teachers (and sometimes to middle school teachers). Although the content of the high school physics curriculum is closely matched to the introductory university course, this course is not adequate preparation for teaching the same material in high school. The ...

We investigate the thermal properties of the potential model equation of state of Akmal, Pandharipande and Ravenhall. This equation of state approximates the microscopic model calculations of Akmal and Pandharipande, which feature a neutral pion condensate. We treat the bulk homogeneous phase for isospin asymmetries ranging from symmetric nuclear matter to pure neutron matter and for temperatures and densities relevant for simulations of core-collapse supernovae, proto-neutron stars, and neutron star mergers. Numerical results of the state variables are compared with those of a typical Skyrme energy density functional with similar properties at nuclear densities, but which differs substantially at supra-nuclear densities. Analytical formulas, which are applicable to non-relativistic potential models such as the equations of state we are considering, are derived for all state variables and their thermodynamic derivatives. A highlight of our work is its focus on thermal response functions in the degenerate and non-degenerate situations, which allow checks of the numerical calculations for arbitrary degeneracy. These functions are sensitive to the density dependent effective masses of neutrons and protons, which determine the thermal properties in all regimes of degeneracy. We develop the "thermal asymmetry free energy" and establish its relation to the more commonly used nuclear symmetry energy. We also explore the role of the pion condensate at supra-nuclear densities and temperatures. Tables of matter properties as functions of baryon density, composition (i.e., proton fraction) and temperature are being produced which are suitable for use in astrophysical simulations of supernovae and neutron stars.Comment: 44 pages, 40 figures, 6 table

Abdominal CT scanning is a safe and useful method of selecting AGSW patients for NOM. Further exploration is needed to define the precise benefits of routine CT scanning over clinical examination with selective CT scanning.

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Neutron star interiors provide the opportunity to probe properties of cold dense matter in the QCD phase diagram. Utilizing models of dense matter in accord with nuclear systematics at nuclear densities, we investigate the compatibility of deconfined quark cores with current observational constraints on the maximum mass and tidal deformability of neutron stars. We explore various methods of implementing the hadron-to-quark phase transition, specifically, first-order transitions with sharp (Maxwell construction) and soft (Gibbs construction) interfaces, and smooth crossover transitions. We find that within the models we apply, hadronic matter has to be stiff for a first-order phase transition and soft for a crossover transition. In both scenarios and for the equations of state we employed, quarks appear at the center of pre-merger neutron stars in the mass range ≈ 1.0 − 1.6 M , with a squared speed of sound c 2 QM 0.4 characteristic of strong repulsive interactions required to support the recently discovered neutron star masses ≥ 2 M . We also identify equations of state and phase transition scenarios that are consistent with the bounds placed on tidal deformations of neutron stars in the recent binary merger event GW170817. We emphasize that distinguishing hybrid stars with quark cores from normal hadronic stars is very difficult from the knowledge of masses and radii alone, unless drastic sharp transitions induce distinctive disconnected hybrid branches in the mass-radius relation.

Hypothesis: The diagnosis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) carries significant additional morbidity and mortality among critically injured patients. Design: Retrospective case-control study using a prospectively maintained ARDS database. Setting: Surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in an academic county hospital. Patients: All trauma patients admitted to the ICU from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2003, who developed ARDS as defined by (1) acute onset, (2) a partial pressure of arterial oxygen-fraction of inspired oxygen ratio of 200 or less, (3) bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest radiographs, and (4) absence of left-sided heart failure. Each patient with ARDS was matched with 2 control patients without ARDS on the basis of sex, age (±5 years), mechanism of injury (blunt or penetrating), Injury Severity Score (±3), and chest Abbreviated Injury Score (±1). Main Outcome Measures: Mortality, hospital charges, hospital and ICU lengths of stay, and complications (defined as pneumonia, deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, acute renal failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy). Results: Of 2042 trauma ICU admissions, 216 patients (10.6%) met criteria for ARDS. We identified 432 similarly injured control patients. Compared with controls, trauma patients with ARDS had more complications (43.1% vs 9.5%), longer hospital (32.2 vs 17.9 days) and ICU (22.1 vs 8.4 days) lengths of stay, and higher hospital charges ($267 037 vs $136 680) (PϽ.01 for all), but mortality was similar (27.8% vs 25.0%, P=.48). Conclusion: Although ARDS is associated with increased morbidity, hospital and ICU length of stay, and costs, it does not increase overall mortality among critically ill trauma patients.

We explore the thermal properties of hot and dense matter using a model that reproduces the empirical properties of isospin symmetric and asymmetric bulk nuclear matter, optical model fits to nucleon-nucleus scattering data, heavy-ion flow data in the energy range 0.5-2 GeV/A, and the largest well-measured neutron star mass of 2 M . This model, which incorporates finite range interactions through a Yukawa-type, finite-range force, is contrasted with a conventional zero-range Skyrme model. Both models predict nearly identical zero-temperature properties at all densities and proton fractions, including the neutron star maximum mass, but differ in their predictions for heavy-ion flow data. We contrast their predictions of thermal properties, including their specific heats, and provide analytical formulas for the strongly degenerate and non-degenerate limits. We find significant differences in the results of the two models for quantities that depend on the density derivatives of nucleon effective masses. We show that a constant value for the ratio of the thermal components of pressure and energy density expressed as Γ th = 1 + (P th /ε th ), often used in simulations of proto-neutron stars and merging compact object binaries, fails to adequately describe results of either nuclear model. The region of greatest discrepancy extends from sub-saturation densities to a few times the saturation density of symmetric nuclear matter. Our results suggest alternate approximations for the thermal properties of dense matter that are more realistic.