The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission began collecting high quality seismic data on Mars from February 2019. This manuscript documents the seismicity observed by SEIS, InSight’s seismometer, since this time until the end of March, 2020. Within the InSight project, the Marsquake Service (MQS) is responsible for prompt review of all seismic data collected by InSight, detection of events that are likely to be of seismic origin, and curation and release of seismic catalogues. In the first year of data collection, MQS have identified 465 seismic events that we interpret to be from regional and teleseismic marsquakes. Seismic events are grouped into 2 different event families: the low frequency family are dominated by energy at long period below 1 second, and the high frequency family primarily include energy at and above 2.4~Hz. Event magnitudes, from Mars-specific scales, range from 1.3 to 3.7. A third class of events with very short duration but high frequency bursts have been observed 712 times. These are likely associated with a local source driven by thermal stresses. This paper describes the data collected so far in the mission and the procedures under which MQS operates; summarises the content of the current MQS seismic catalogue; and presents the key features of the events we have observed so far, using the largest events as examples.

The InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission landed on the surface of Mars on November 26, 2018. One of the scientific instruments in the payload that is essential to the mission is the SEIS package (Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure) which includes a very broadband and a short period seismometer. More than one year since the landing, SEIS continues to be fully operational and has been collecting an exceptional data set which contains not only the signals of seismic origins, but also noise and artifacts induced by the martian environment, the hardware on the ground that includes the seismic sensors, and the programmed operational activities of the lander . Many of these non-seismic signals will be unfamiliar to the scientific community. In addition, many of these signals have signatures that may resemble seismic events either or both in time and frequency domains. Here, we report our observations of common non-seismic signals as seen during the first 478 sols of the SEIS data, i.e. from landing till the end of March 2020. This manuscript is intended to provide a guide to scientists who use the data recorded on SEIS, detailing the general attributes of the most commonly observed non-seismic features. It will help to clarify the characteristics of the seismic dataset for future research, and to avoid misinterpretations when searching for events.

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<p>The InSight mission collected an astounding seismic dataset from Mars during more than four years (1450 sols) of operation until it was retired on 21 December 2022.</p><p>The Marsquake Service MQS detected more than 1300 events of seismic origins. Two of these events (S1000a and S1094b) were later confirmed as distant impacts (Figure 1), with magnitudes of M<sub>W</sub><sup>Ma</sup>=4.0 and 4.2 and crater diameters of 130 and 150 m, respectively. Finally, the largest marsquake (S1222a, M<sub>W</sub><sup>Ma</sup>=4.6) that occurred during InSight's lifetime was recorded on May 4, 2022.</p><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.e62564543cb368458723761/sdaolpUECMynit/32UGE&app=m&a=0&c=cd16eb97f9fcb454b579eef3a0ef4b08&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt=""></p><p>Here, we present the current understanding of the Martian seismicity and the different types of events we observed on Mars, based on the data collected over the whole mission.</p><p><strong>Low-frequency (LF) and broadband (BB)</strong><br>The LF family of events include energy predominantly below 1 Hz. They are similar to teleseismic events observed on Earth, and clear P and S waves are often identified. The hypocenter is known for about half of the recorded LF-BB events, owing to the difficulty of determining back-azimuth and in some cases also distance for the smaller events. The following elements are now understood:</p><ul><li>Seismicity appears to be located only in few spots around Mars (Figure 2) and no tectonic events were located within 25° from the InSight station.</li> <li>A large number of LF-BB events are located 26–30° from the station, interpreted to be associated with the active dynamics of the volcanic Cerberus Fossae area.</li> <li>A group of events show only a weak S-wave energy and are aligned using the P-wave and length of its coda to around 46°. Their tectonic origin is yet unknown.</li> <li>A few events are located around 60° with relatively emergent P- and S-wave energy.</li> <li>Two large events (S0976a and S1000a) lie beyond the core shadow and have PP and SS phases; S0976a in the Valles Marineris region 146° away from InSight, and S1000a as the result of a meteoritic impact.</li> <li>A number of events of uncertain location are clustered in the same distance, around 100-120° distance.</li> <li>LF events have the largest magnitudes with S1222a reaching M<sub>W</sub><sup>Ma</sup>=4.6 and a few others at or above M<sub>W</sub><sup>Ma</sup>=3.5.</li> </ul><p><img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.75b8a4643cb364658723761/sdaolpUECMynit/32UGE&app=m&a=0&c=215bbcd60d010b3ad402775c0a49a483&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt=""></p><p><strong>High-frequency (HF) </strong><br>The HF family of events are predominantly at and above the 2.4 Hz, local subsurface resonance. The HF events have magnitudes below M<sub>W</sub><sup>Ma</sup> 2.5 and originate from a distance range of 25–30°, likely a single area in the central Cerberus Fossae region, as very shallow events associated to active volcanic dykes. </p><p><strong>Very high frequency (VF):</strong><br>A small number of HF events are characterized by higher frequency content, up to 20–30 Hz with a notable amplification on the horizontal components at very high frequency, and are termed VF events. The amplification is plausibly explained by the local subsurface structure. These events are observed only close to the lander. Remote imaging of recent craters and the presence of a distinctive acoustic signal confirmed that the closest events were produced by meteoric impacts. Investigations are being conducted to understand if other VF events can be confirmed as impacts, too.</p>

We present a procedural audio‐driven speech animation method for interactive virtual characters. Given any audio with its respective speech transcript, we automatically generate lip‐synchronized speech animation that could drive any three‐dimensional virtual character. The realism of the animation is enhanced by studying the emotional features of the audio signal and its effect on mouth movements. We also propose a coarticulation model that takes into account various linguistic rules. The generated animation is configurable by the user by modifying the control parameters, such as viseme types, intensities, and coarticulation curves. We compare our approach against two lip‐synchronized speech animation generators. Our results show that our method surpasses them in terms of user preference.