The self‐report questionnaire is one of the most widely used assessment strategies in clinical psychology. It consists of a set of written questions used for describing certain qualities or characteristics of the test subject. In this entry a brief overview of the main characteristics of self‐report questionnaires is presented along with advantages and disadvantages to be used in the field of clinical psychology, both in research and practice, the crucial steps to develop self‐report questionnaires, and description of the reliability and validity of self‐report questionnaires.

The purpose of the present study was the examination of the longitudinal effect of parental style on short-term changes in conventional and cyber forms of bullying/victimization, and the investigation of the mediating role of peer attachment relationships on this effect. The participants were 861 children and adolescents (52% girls, M = 11.72 years) attending Cyprus public institutions. Students provided information during three measurement points. There was a six and a 12 week interval among the three measurement points, respectively. The findings of the study indicated that parenting seems to be a significant predictor of all forms of bullying/victimization, conventional and cyber, in early adolescents, even when accounting for bullying/victimization levels eighteen weeks back. More importantly, results showed that the effect of parental style on bullying forms was mediated by peer attachment relationships. Results are discussed in the light of theoretical and practical implications.

This is the unspecified version of the paper.This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: AbstractDuring word recognition, some letters appear to play a more important role than others.Although some studies have suggested that the first and last letters of a word have a privileged status, there is no consensus with regards to the importance of the different letter positions when reading connected text. In the current experiments, we used a simple letter search task to examine the impact of letter position on word identification in connected text using a classic paper and pencil procedure (Experiment 1) and an eye movement monitoring procedure (Experiment 2). InExperiments 3 and 4, a condition with transposed letters was included. Our results show that the first letter of a word is detected more easily than the other letters, and transposing letters in a word revealed the importance of the final letter. It is concluded that both the initial and final letters play a special role in word identification during reading, but that the underlying processes might differ. Word count: 153 wordsKeywords: reading, missing-letter effect, letter position, eye movementsLetter position effect in reading 3 Assessing the Influence of Letter Position in Reading Connected Texts Using a Letter Detection TaskAs the basic element of written words in alphabetic languages, the processing of letters has always had a special status in the study of word recognition. A number of studies have shown that the words exterior letters play an important role in word recognition (e.g., Humphreys, Evett, & Quilan, 1990;Jordan, Patching, & Milner, 2000;Mason, 1975;McCusker, Gough, & Bias, 1981;Stevens & Grainger, 2003). However, these studies used paradigms in which words are presented in isolation. As Jordan, pointed out: "whereas evidence of a privileged status for exterior letter pairs in processing single (foveal) word displays is plentiful […] this evidence has not been matched in studies in which words are presented in bodies of text" (p.900). Although there is evidence that both the first and the last letters of the word play a more important role than interior letters when reading connected text (e.g., Jordan, Thomas, Patching, & Scott-Brown, 2003) other studies have shown that only the first letter is critical (e.g., Briihl & Inhoff, 1995). The objective of the present series is to examine the importance of the words' exterior letters during reading by using a letter detection task.To investigate the contribution of individual letter positions in word processing during reading, Briihl and Inhoff (1995) used an eye contingent paradigm and manipulated the availability of letters in the target word when readers were fixating the previous word. They found a preview benefit -that is, fixation duration on the target word decreased -when the first letters of the target word were available in the parafovea compared to a condition where all letters were replaced by Xs. The availability of ...

The present study sought to investigate the short-term growth in the levels of traditional and cyber forms of bullying and victimization, and examine how growth in one form of bullying relates to that of others', for students in late elementary and early high school grades (ages 10 to 15) and to examine how the educational level of the students affects this growth. In total 868 students participated in the study during four measurement waves with an approximate five-week time-lag between each wave. The Latent Growth Modeling technique was implemented in data analysis and results indicated considerable differences between traditional and cyber forms of bullying. For example a steeper fluctuation was indicated for cyber forms of bullying and victimization, which was more precipitous for students who were already reporting high levels of such behaviors, contrary to what was found for traditional forms of bullying. Nonetheless, similarities between the two forms were also present.Implications for research and practice are discussed.

No abstract