SUMMARY: The biochemical and fermentation reactions of 432 strains of aerobic, catalase-positive, Gram-positive cocci were examined in an attempt to produce an orderly classification of the group. The subdivision into Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Gaflkya and Sarcina could not be justified, and, as Micrococcus is regarded as an invalid generic name, all aerobic species are placed in the genus Staphylococeus with the type species Staph. aureus Rosenbach.The primary subdivision was made on the coagulase reaction, with secondary subdivisions of the coagulase-negative strains based on the production of acid and acetoin from glucose. The characterization of the subdivisions is presented in a quantitative way.'The boundaries of the species, whereby msort them, are made by men.' (LOCKE, 168v.1The aerobic catalase-positive Gram-positive cocci present many taxonomic problems which must be resolved before a stable system of nomenclature can be applied to them. We visualize a series of organisms of similar gross morphology that show slight differences in cultural and biochemical reactions, a series that can be likened to a spectrum in that there is a gradual change from the inert non-pathogenic strains to the highly active pathogenic strains.To test this hypothesis we sought the help of other workers and collected strains from as many sources as possible, and, through the kindness of Dr Ruth E. Gordon, received subcultures of all coagulase-negative strains in the American Type Culture Collection. All strains received, and those in the National Collection of Type Cultures, were put through a standard series of tests which are described in this paper. All cultures were carefully checked for purity, and were dried in vacuo (Rhodes, 1950). METHODSOptimal temperature for growth. Three nutrient agar slopes, spread with a loopful of broth culture, were incubated a t 22, 30 and 37'. Growth was recorded after 24 ahd, 48 hr.Morphology. Broth cultures incubated a t 22' were examined for packet formation. Smears made from agar cultures incubated at the optimal temperature were stained by Lillie's modification of Gram's method.Biochemical tests were usually made on cultures incubated at the optimal temperature for growth; if an organism grew equally well at two temperatures, the higher temperature was used. Exceptions to this generalization were tests for the liquefaction of gelatin, and certain retests carried out after the main tests had been completed; details are given in the appropriate section.Pigment. Strains were grown on potato and on nutritent agar a t the optimal temperature for 24 hr. and kept a t room temperature for a week in diffuse daylight. Pigment was recorded as gold, lemon-yellow, or pink.
Kauffmann, 1951) were found by biochemical tests to be related to the genus Proteus (Ewing, Tanner & Dennard, 1954). We have investigated the distribution of several biochemical characters among the Enterobacteriaceae, in particular the ability to metabolize potassium gluconate, sodium malonate, and also to attack amino acids by oxidative deamination or decarboxylation. The results we have obtained confirm the close relation of the Providence cultures to the species of the genus Proteus. Table 2), and freshly isolated strains from faeces collected by different laboratories of the Public Health Laboratory Service during investigations of diarrhoea. METHODS StrainsBiochemical tests Gluconate test. The medium was a modification of that used by Haynes (1951) for pseudomonads. It consisted of: Evans's peptone, 1.5 g.; Yeastrel, 1.0 g.; K2HPOa, 1.0 g.; potassium gluconate, 40.0 g.; distilled water, 1000 ml.; adjusted to pH 7.0; sterilized 10 1b.fsq.in. for 10 min. After incubation of the culture for 48 hr. a t 37", 1.0 ml. of Benedict's qualitative reagent for reducing sugars was added and the tubes placed in boiling water for 10 min.
SUMMARYKlebsiella strains are divided into six categories on the following reactions: fimbriation, production of gas from glucose a t 37", acid from lactose and dulcitol, methyl red test, acetoin production, citrate, urease, gluconate, malonate, lysine decarboxylase, growth in the presence of KCN and ability to produce gas from lactose a t 44". Five of the six categories are assigned specific rank, the sixth subspecific rank. The tests enable Friedlander's pneumobacillus to be distinguished from Aerobacter aerogenes. A new species, Klebsiella edwardsii, and a new subspecies, K . edwardsii var. atlantae, are named. Neotype strains of old species are proposed, holotypes of the new species and variety designated, and the catalogue numbers in the National Collection of Type Cultures and American Type Culture Collection given.
SUMMARY: A strain isolated from a human source is described and is proposed as the type for the species Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach in place of the one chosen by Shaw, Stitt & Cowan (1951) which has some characters of animal strains.The nomenclatural type concept in bacteriology dates from the selection of the Marburg strain of BacilZus subtilis as the type strain of that species (St John-Brooks & Breed, 1937 Before designating it as a type strain Shaw et al. (1951) examined the cultural characters of FDA 209-P, and chose it because: (1) it was wellpigmented and on subculture retained its ability to produce pigment; (2) its biochemical characters were fairly typical of ,the species; (3) the strain was in use as a reference strain for penicillin assay and was held in a t least two of the major bacterial culture collections. Recently an attempt was made to
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