Anaphylactic reactions in schools, although not frequent, are not uncommon events. A systematic review of anaphylactic events that required epinephrine administration identified opportunities for improvement in the treatment of students with life-threatening allergies.
During the past decade, prevalence of food allergies among children increased. Caring for children with life-threatening food allergies has become a major challenge for school personnel. Prior to 2002, Massachusetts did not provide clear guidelines to assist schools in providing a safe environment for these children and preparing for an emergency response to unintended allergic reactions. In 2001, the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America/New England Chapter, Massachusetts Department of Education, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Massachusetts School Nurse Organization, parents, and other professional organizations forged a successful collaboration to develop guidelines for managing life- threatening food allergies in schools. The guidelines assist schools by providing information on food allergies and anaphylaxis, emphasizing the need for team planning and development of an individualized health care plan, giving guidance on strategies to prevent accidental exposure to specific allergens in school settings, and offering information on emergency responses should unintended exposures occur. The collaborative process for developing the guidelines, which continued during the distribution and implementation phases, set a tone for successful multidisciplinary teamwork in local schools.
Background Chlamydia is a major cause of infertility, but its epidemiology among women of reproductive age remains unclear in China. This study investigated the prevalence of chlamydia and associated factors among Chinese women aged 18-44 years who were either 1) pregnant; 2) attending gynaecology clinics; or 3) subfertile. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey and recruited participants from obstetrics, gynaecology, and infertility clinics in Guangdong, between March to December, 2019. We collected information on individuals' socio-demographic characteristics, previous medical conditions, and sexual behaviours. First-pass urine and cervical swabs were tested using nucleic acid amplification testing. We calculated the prevalence in each population and subgroup by age, education, and age at first sex. Multivariable binomial regression models were used to identify factors associated with chlamydia prevalence. Results We recruited 1730 participants, including 881 pregnant women, 595 gynaecology clinic attendees, and 254 subfertile women. The overall prevalence was 6.7% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5.2%-8.5%), 8.2% (95%CI:6.2%-10.7%), 5.9% (95%CI: 3.5%-9.3%) for the above three populations, respectively. The subgroup-specific prevalence was highest among those who first had sex before 25 years and older pregnant women (>35 years). The proportion of asymptomatic chlamydia was 85%, 40%, and 60% among pregnant women, gynaecology clinic attendees, and subfertile women, respectively. Age at first sex (<25 years), multipara, and ever having more than one partner increased the risk of chlamydia. Conclusion Women of reproductive age in China have a high prevalence of chlamydia. As most women with chlamydia were asymptomatic, routine chlamydia screening is urgently needed in China.
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