The problems and limitations of the control of diseases caused by phytopathogens through the use of fungicides, make the biological control present as an alternative method in the production of tomato plants in greenhouse, which is limited by the incidence of Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr., being the most worldwide destructive disease. The objective of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of three Mexican strains of the genus Trichoderma against F. oxysporum on the production of tomato seedlings under greenhouse conditions, as well as to determine the antagonistic effect of the strains used. The Trichoderma harzianum strain had the highest antagonistic activity (81.50%) and the highest growth rate (1.25 cm/day), proving to be the most aggressive strain to control F. oxysporum. in addition the results of the interaction of the dual cultures paired, presented a visible overgrowth zone with hyphae of Trichoderma spp. Seeds inoculated with T. harzianum showed a survival of 84% and a mortality of 16%, lower than the control group, which present a mortality of 58%; however, the treatment inoculated with F. oxysporum had the highest incidence of "disease" with 83%, the lowest survival (17%) and a decrease of the green biomass with respect to the control.
Se estudió la estructura de la diversidad genética en 15 loci isoenzimáticos de 19 poblaciones naturales de Pinus greggii Engelm. con la finalidad de determinar el grado de variabilidad genética de la especie y el nivel de diferenciación genética existente entre sus poblaciones. Los resultados mostraron que existe una amplia diversidad genética en la especie (93 % de loci polimórficos, 3.5 alelos por locus), pero esa diversidad es relativamente baja a nivel de poblaciones (31.9 % de loci polimórficos y 1.6 alelos por locus), con una proporción elevada de alelos raros (47 %) y alelos “privados” (23 %) en ellas. Aunque se encontró una alta diferenciación genética entre las poblaciones (Fst = 0.379), esta diferenciación no estuvo asociada a las regiones geográficas (2 %), a diferencia del patrón geográfico reportado para las características morfológicas y de crecimiento de los árboles. Las distancias genéticas promedio entre pares de poblaciones fueron similares en las dos regiones geográficas; sin embargo, sólo en la región norte se encontró una correlación positiva y significativa (r = 0.48) entre las distancias genéticas y geográficas de las poblaciones.
Beans are the most cultivated legume in the world. In Mexico, it is the second most important crop after corn (FAO 2020; SIAP 2020). Bean plants “Flor de Mayo M38” variety were affected by a foliar disease during the agricultural cycle 2019 in Puebla-Mexico (19°02'46.6" LN and 98°05'15.6" LO). Necrotic V- shaped lesions were observed on the margins of the leaves surrounded by yellow halos followed by foliar necrosis, affecting 40% of the crop. In Mexico this variety of cultivars is in great demand for local consumption and generates income in foreign currency (Castellanos et al. 1997). Sampling was carried out on 50 plants “Flor de Mayo M38” variety, with necrotic leaf symptoms from ten plots of one hectare. Samples were cut into pieces (5 mm), disinfested with 1% hypochlorite 3 min, and washed with sterile distilled water. Subsequently, samples were dried on sterile paper and placed on Petri plates containing yeast extract calcium carbonate dextrose agar (YDC) medium and kept at 36°C for 3 days. Colonies of ten typical bacteria isolated from all symptomatic plants were Gram (-), small and uniform in size with rounded edges, yellow, convex with entire borders and mucoid appearance on YDC. Bacteria did not grow on 0.1% triphenyl tetrazolium chloride amended casamino acid, peptone, and glucose medium (CPG). Biochemical tests showed that isolates did not reduce nitrate to nitrites, had positive catalase and starch hydrolysis, while the Kovac oxidase test was negative (Schaad and White 1974). Genus identity of the representative isolate Xcf1-APJR, was confirmed by 16S rRNA encoding gene partial sequencing, using universal primers 518F (5'-CCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATACG-3') and 800R (5′-TACCAGGGTATCTAATCC-3′) (Halim et al. 2020). BLASTn alignments against the nucleotide collection were 100% identical to Xanthomonas sequences including Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris strains NZ_AP019684.1, CP025750.1, and MN108237.1. The 1,418 bp sequence was deposited in the GenBank database under accession number MT645246. The identification of species/pathovar was accomplished by serological methods using a polyclonal antiserum specific for X. campestris pv. campestris (Popovic ́ et al. 2013) with the DAS-ELISA commercial kit (catalog number 07122C/096, LOEWE Biochemica GmbH, Germany). The pathogenicity test was carried out on 50 healthy bean plants from the "Flor de Mayo M38" variety. Bacterial culture incubated at 28°C for 48 h in YDC medium was used to prepare the bacterial suspension (108 CFU mL-1). The first two lower leaves of 30-day-old plants were inoculated by sprinkling. Ten plants sprayed with sterile distilled water were used as negative control. All plants were kept for 20 days in greenhouse at 18-26°C and relative humidity of 60%. After seven days, chlorotic lesions developed on all inoculated plants that became necrotic from 14 days after inoculation (dai). Necrotic leaf spots merged at 14 dai to form necrotic areas of more than 20 mm in diameter, reaching total necrosis of the leaf tissue at 20 dai and were similar to the symptoms observed in the field. Koch's postulates were confirmed by the reisolation of Xcf1-APJR strain, which presented the same colony morphology, partial sequence, and polyclonal specific detection. This is the first report of this pathogen causing necrotic leaf spot in beans from the "Flor de Mayo M38" variety in Puebla-Mexico. The author(s) declare no conflict of interest. References: FAO. 2020. FAOSTAT. Food and Agriculture Data. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#home/. SIAP. 2020. Atlas Agroalimentario. https://www.gob.mx/siap/. Castellanos, J. Z., et al. 1997. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 47:163. Schaad, N. W., and White, W. C. 1974. Phytopathology. 64:876. https://doi.org/10.1094/Phyto-64-876 Halim, R. A., et al. 2020. HAYATI J. Biosciences. 27:215. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.27.3.215 Popovic ́, T., et al. 2013. Plant Dis. 97:418. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-12-0506-PDN
Entomopathogenic fungi are a large group of micro-organisms that provide multiple services to agroecological systems and have some advantages over chemical insecticides, since they produce mortality rates naturally and have less environmental impact. The production of biocontrol agents such as Beauveria bassiana finds multiple limitations, such as the adjustment of the optimum concentration of conidia and specific speed of death, among others. In addition, the potential that Mexican native strains can have for their use in the control of the grasshopper Sphenarium purpurascens (an edible insect but that behaves as a pest in several crops). In the present investigation, the mortality of two instars (or stages) of S. purpurascens in vitro plus the adult phase, was evaluated by applying bio-preparations of the MA-Bb1 strain in porous materials as support. The highest corrected mortality CM% and the highest specific speed of death K(d -1 ) of the orthopter for the different instants, as well as for the adult of S. purpurascens was presented in the bio-preparation (Zeolite + Diatomite + B. bassiana) at a concentration of 1 × 10 8 conidia mL -1 , presenting a viability of 89,1%. These results show the possibility for biocontrol with the use of the native Mexican strain MA-Bb1 of B. bassiana in combination with porous materials of diatomite and zeolite, in laboratory conditions.
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