Ischaemia in the brain is an important clinical problem that is often monitored and studied with expensive devices such as MRI and PET, which are not readily available in low economical resource parts of the world. We have developed a new less expensive tool for non-invasive monitoring of ischaemia in the brain. This is a first feasibility study describing the concept. The system is based on the hypothesis that electromagnetic properties of the tissue change during ischaemia and that measuring the electromagnetic properties of the bulk of the brain with non-contact means can detect these changes. The apparatus we have built and whose design we describe here consists of two electromagnetic coils placed around the head. The system measures the bulk change in time of the phase difference between the electromagnetic signal on the two coils in a range of frequencies. A mathematical model simulating the device and the measurement is also introduced. Ischaemia was induced in the brain of rats by occlusion of the right cerebral and carotid arteries. Experimental subjects were monitored for 24 h. Inductive phase shift measurements were made at five frequencies in the range of 0.1-50 MHz eight times during the observation period. An ex vivo estimation of the percentage of necrosis in the ischemic subjects at t = 24 h was done. The mathematical model was also applied to the experimental tested situation. The results of both experiments and theory show significant phase shifts increase as a function of frequency and ischaemia time. The theoretical and experimental results suggest that the tested technique has the potential to detect the processes and level of ischaemia in the brain by non-invasive, continuous, bulk volumetric monitoring with a simple and inexpensive apparatus.
The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of Municipal Solid Wastes (RSU) to mitigate the CO 2 equivalent (CO 2 eq) through the proposal to implement a landfill to produce biogas and use it as a substitute fuel. This proposal is made for the Lerma-Chapala region in the Mexican state of Michoacan de Ocampo, which consists of 17 municipalities at the Norwest of the State. Biogas production was estimated with the Biogas Mexican Model version 2.0. The energy fuels that could be substituted are: alcohol, gasoline, gas oil, natural gas, coal, diesel, LP gas, wood, barrels of oil equivalent (BEP) and electric power. The estimation was for a 21 years period considering the useful life of the landfill. Five fuel energy sources were finally considered as substitutes: oil, diesel, LP gas, BEP and electric power, contrasting the gross saving with total costs of the landfill. The best output was when gasoline was substituted. On the other hand, 890,361 ton of de CO 2 eq could be avoided by direct burning of biogas and 147,456 ton of CO 2 by not burning fossil fuels to generate electricity.
El propósito de este trabajo es exponer algunos procesos de transformación del paisaje agrario, incluyendo la plasticultura en la ciénaga de Chapala, México. El método seguido fue: delimitar el objeto de investigación, diseñar el esquema de investigación, identificar fuentes de información, diseñar instrumentos de investigación, analizar y fichar fuentes de información, diseñar el esquema de exposición y generar la exposición de resultados. El lago de Chapala ha sido transformado por la actividad geológica y humana. A principios del siglo XX fue mutilado y transformado de nuevo por un dique artificial que fue la principal forma de desecarlo. Posteriormente, alrededor de la tercera década del siglo XX la tierra fue repartida en ejidos, sin embargo, hoy día la propiedad de la tierra se está reconcentrando en pocas manos: empresarios agrícolas y agroindustria, y transformándose una vez más debido a la revolución verde, los derivados de ésta y la plasticultura.Palabras clave: Acumulación de capital; ciénaga de Chapala; ejido; paisaje agrario; plasticultura.
El objetivo de la ponencia es explicar el proceso de privatización de las tierras de uso común en el ejido de Cumuatillo, Michoacán, México. El método seguido fue: delimitación del objeto de investigación, diseño del esquema de investigación, identificación de fuentes de información, diseño de instrumentos de investigación de campo, análisis y fichado de fuentes de información y exposición de resultados. Se encontró que el concepto de “campesino” es múltiple. Que el reparto agrario en la región, no fue producto de una lucha agrarista. Que no se percibe la existencia de una conciencia colectivista entre los ejidatarios fundadores. Que el reparto agrario se realizó pensando en campesinos individualistas que producen semillas y crían animales para el autoconsumo, que al estar insertos en un proceso de universalización del mercado, acabaron proletarizándose. Las tierras de uso común se han fragmentado y privatizado en un ambiente de predominio de la ideología burguesa.Palabras clave: Ejido; privatización; migración; ideología; concentración de la propiedad. AbstractThe aim of this presentation is to explain the process of privatization of common land in the ejido of Cumuatillo, Michoacán, México. The method followed was: delimitation of the research object, design of the research scheme, identification of information sources, design of field research instruments, analysis and recording of information sources and exposition of results. It was found that the concept of “peasant” is multiple. That the agrarian distribution in the region, was not product of an agrarian struggle. That there is not perceived an existence of a collectivist consciousness among the first ejidatarios. That the agrarian distribution was carried out thinking in individualist peasants who produce seeds and breed animals for their own supply, that being inserted in a process of universalization of the market, they ended as proletarians. Land for common use have been fragmented and privatized in an environment of predominance of bourgeois ideology.Keywords: Ejido; Privatization; Migration; Ideology; Concentration of Property.
El objetivo de la ponencia es explicar el proceso de privatización de las tierras de uso común en el ejido de Cumuatillo, Michoacán, México. El método seguido fue: delimitación del objeto de investigación, diseño del esquema de investigación, identificación de fuentes de información, diseño de instrumentos de investigación de campo, análisis y fichado de fuentes de información y exposición de resultados. Se encontró que el concepto de “campesino” es múltiple. Que el reparto agrario en la región, no fue producto de una lucha agrarista. Que no se percibe la existencia de una conciencia colectivista entre los ejidatarios fundadores. Que el reparto agrario se realizó pensando en campesinos individualistas que producen semillas y crían animales para el autoconsumo, que al estar insertos en un proceso de universalización del mercado, acabaron proletarizándose. Las tierras de uso común se han fragmentado y privatizado en un ambiente de predominio de la ideología burguesa.Palabras clave: Ejido; privatización; migración; ideología; concentración de la propiedad. AbstractThe aim of this presentation is to explain the process of privatization of common land in the ejido of Cumuatillo, Michoacán, México. The method followed was: delimitation of the research object, design of the research scheme, identification of information sources, design of field research instruments, analysis and recording of information sources and exposition of results. It was found that the concept of “peasant” is multiple. That the agrarian distribution in the region, was not product of an agrarian struggle. That there is not perceived an existence of a collectivist consciousness among the first ejidatarios. That the agrarian distribution was carried out thinking in individualist peasants who produce seeds and breed animals for their own supply, that being inserted in a process of universalization of the market, they ended as proletarians. Land for common use have been fragmented and privatized in an environment of predominance of bourgeois ideology.Keywords: Ejido; Privatization; Migration; Ideology; Concentration of Property.
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