The aim of this paper is to discuss and update criteria that can guide the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine and feline mammary neoplasms. It was elaborated during the IV Mammary Pathology Meeting: Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment of the Canine and Feline Mammary Neoplasia, held on April 29th and 30th, 2019 in Belo Horizonte – MG, Brazil, sponsored by the Laboratory of Comparative Pathology of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), with the support of the Brazilian Association of Veterinary Pathology (ABPV) and Brazilian Association of Veterinary Oncology (ABROVET). Academics from several regions of Brazil were present and contributed to this work.

Para a realização do estudo referente ao plexo braquial (PB) e territórios nervosos do membro torácico de chinchila (Chinchilla lanigera) foram utilizados 10 animais de sete a 11 meses de idade. Tendo a pele sido retirada, procedeu-se a identificação da musculatura do membro torácico, região peitoral e parede torácica e abdominal. Subseqüentemente, foram aplicadas compressas de solução de ácido acético glacial 3% nas referidas regiões, com o intuito de melhorar a visualização dos nervos. Nos animais analisados notou-se a emergência do PB a partir do sexto nervo cervical até o primeiro torácico. Destas quatro raízes se formam os troncos dos nervos cujos ramos ventrais constituirão seu arranjo e distribuição territorial. Destes quatro troncos surgem os 12 nervos que constituem o PB, estes podem ser formados por apenas um segmento medular: unissegmentar (supraescapular, peitoral cranial e toracodorsal) ou por mais de dois segmentos: plurissegmentar (subescapular, axilar, músculo-cutâneo, torácico lateral, peitoral caudal, torácico longo, mediano, ulnar e radial). Com isso se observou constância na origem, inervação da musculatura, articulações e ossos do membro torácico, podendo-se afirmar a existência de um padrão claramente definido na delimitação dos territórios nervosos.

Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp) a common cause of pneumonia leads to intense lung injury and mortality that are correlated with infective exacerbations. Probiotics are a class of microorganisms that have immunomodulatory effects to benefit health. We investigated whether the probiotic Bifidobacterium longum 5(1A) induces protection in mice against lung infection induced by Kp and the potential involved mechanisms. Kp infection induced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, neutrophil recruitment, significant bacterial load in the lung and 50% lethality. However, treatment with live B. longum 5(1A) induced faster resolution of inflammation associated with an increased production of IL-10, decreased lung damage with significantly reduction of bacterial burden that contributed to rescue 100% of mice from death. We found that these effects could be attributed, at least in part, to activation of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) adapter protein Mal, since B. longum 5(1A) treatment in Mal-deficient infected mice did not show the protection observed in wild type infected mice. Thus, we propose that live B. longum 5(1A) activates TLR-signaling pathway that results in ROS production and protects the host against pneumonia-induced death by finely tuning the inflammatory response and contributing to faster return to lung homeostasis.

The data suggest that inhibition of ovarian hormones and COX-2 may represent a therapeutic option for malignant feline mammary gland neoplasms. When evaluating disease progression, COX-2 scores and Ki-67 index should be analyzed in primary tumors and metastases. Histologic grade, HER-2 status and COX-2 scores were found to have a direct influence on OS. Prognostic factors allow for a better understanding of disease outcome in a condition that is characterized by a poor prognosis. The present work highlights the need for further studies on endocrine therapy and COX-2 inhibitors, which could influence OS.

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BackgroundIncreasing evidence suggest that the gut microbiota plays an important role in liver pathology after acute alcohol intake. The aim of our study was to investigate the roles played by commensal bacteria in alcohol-induced liver injury and in the dysbiosis caused by alcohol intake in germ-free mice, as well as the possibility of protection against alcohol-induced injuries in animals fed a high-fiber diet. For these purposes, germ-free and conventional mice were submitted to acute alcohol intake, consisting of administration of ethanol in their drinking water for 7 days, with a higher dose of alcohol administered on day 7.ResultsThere was no liver injury after alcohol consumption, and there was less neutrophil infiltration and lower pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (CXCL-1/KC and interleukin (IL)-6) in the liver in germ-free mice compared with alcohol-fed conventional mice. Additionally, conventionalization of germ-free mice with intestinal contents from alcohol-fed conventional mice induced injury and inflammation in both the liver and the intestine, suggesting that alcohol intake successively caused a perturbation of the intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) and liver injury. Finally, previous treatment with a high-fiber diet decreased liver injury and gut permeability in alcohol-fed conventional mice.ConclusionsIn conclusion, the results of the present study provide evidence that the gut microbiota plays an important role in alcohol-induced liver injury, apparently through dysbiosis of the intestinal microbial ecosystem caused by alcohol intake. Furthermore, treatment with a high-fiber diet can counteract hepatocyte pathology and gut leakage and thus could be a promising therapeutic option.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-014-0240-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Mammary mixed tumours are the most frequent neoplasias in female dogs. In humans, mixed tumours are frequently found in the salivary glands and are known as pleomorphic adenomas. In addition to their histomorphologic similarities, mixed tumours and pleomorphic adenomas have the potential to become malignant and give rise to carcinomas in mixed tumours and carcinomas ex-pleomorphic adenoma, respectively. The factors associated with malignant transformation are still poorly known in the case of canine mixed tumours. However, this form of neoplasia tends to be associated with a better prognosis than other malignant histological types. This paper discusses the main features associated with female canine mammary mixed tumours.