Previous research has shown enhanced performance and altered pacing behaviour in the presence of a virtual opponent during middle-distance cycling time trials with duration of two minutes and longer. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these effects are also present in cycling time trials of shorter duration. Twelve physically active men completed three 1 km time trials. After a familiarization trial (FAM), participants performed two experimental conditions: one with no opponent (NO) and one with a virtual opponent (OP). Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to assess differences in pacing and performance using power output and duration (p<0.05). No differences in mean finishing times (FAM: 91.5±7.7 s; NO: 91.6±6.4 s; OP: 90.9±4.9 s; p=0.907) or power output (FAM: 382±111 W; NO: 363±80 W; OP: 367±67; p=0.564) were found between the experimental conditions. In addition, no differences in pacing profiles between experimental conditions were found (p = 0.199). Head-to-head competition does not affect pacing or performance in 1 km cycling time trials Previous research has shown enhanced performance and altered pacing behaviour in the presence of a virtual opponent during middle-distance cycling time trials with a duration of two minutes and longer. The purpose of this study was to determine whether these effects are also present in cycling time trials of shorter duration. Twelve physically active men completed three 1 km time trials. After a familiarization trial (FAM), participants performed two experimental conditions: one with no opponent (NO) and one with a virtual opponent (OP). Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to assess differences in pacing and performance using power output and duration (p<0.05). No differences in mean finishing times (FAM: 91.
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