Inadequate BBPS segment scores generally are associated with higher rates of polyps and advanced polyps at subsequent colonoscopy within a short timeframe. The presence of advanced polyps as well as inadequate BBPS segment scores can inform the risk of missed polyps and help triage which patients warrant a timely repeat colonoscopy.

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plays a critical role in regulating numerous aspects of plant growth and development. While there is much genetic support for tryptophan-dependent (Trp-D) IAA synthesis pathways, there is little genetic evidence for tryptophanindependent (Trp-I) IAA synthesis pathways. Using Arabidopsis, we identified two mutant alleles of ISS1 (Indole Severe Sensitive) that display indole-dependent IAA overproduction phenotypes including leaf epinasty and adventitious rooting. Stable isotope labeling showed that iss1, but not WT, uses primarily Trp-I IAA synthesis when grown on indole-supplemented medium. In contrast, both iss1 and WT use primarily Trp-D IAA synthesis when grown on unsupplemented medium. iss1 seedlings produce 8-fold higher levels of IAA when grown on indole and surprisingly have a 174-fold increase in Trp. These findings indicate that the iss1 mutant's increase in Trp-I IAA synthesis is due to a loss of Trp catabolism. ISS1 was identified as At1g80360, a predicted aromatic aminotransferase, and in vitro and in vivo analysis confirmed this activity. At1g80360 was previously shown to primarily carry out the conversion of indole-3-pyruvic acid to Trp as an IAA homeostatic mechanism in young seedlings. Our results suggest that in addition to this activity, in more mature plants ISS1 has a role in Trp catabolism and possibly in the metabolism of other aromatic amino acids. We postulate that this loss of Trp catabolism impacts the use of Trp-D and/or Trp-I IAA synthesis pathways.KEYWORDS Arabidopsis thaliana; auxin; ISS1/VAS1; phenylpropanoids; tryptophan metabolism I N plants, the aromatic amino acids tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), and phenylalanine (Phe) are used for the synthesis of proteins and as precursors to a variety of specialized metabolites. While most secondary metabolites help protect the plant against abiotic and biotic stress (Tzin and Galili 2010), some such as Trp-derived indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) are essential growth regulators (Woodward and Bartel 2005). IAA, the primary auxin in plants, functions in establishing cell polarity during embryogenesis (Weijers et al. 2005;Kleine-Vehn et al. 2008), determination of leaf patterning (Bainbridge et al. 2008), and initiation of lateral roots and shoots (Celenza et al. 1995;Peret et al. 2009).There are two general routes proposed for IAA biosynthesis in plants: from a Trp-dependent (Trp-D) pathway or through an indolic precursor of Trp in a Trp-independent (Trp-I) pathway (Woodward and Bartel 2005;Tivendale et al. 2014) (Figure 1). Within the Trp-D IAA biosynthetic pathway, there are three established pathways in plants that lead to IAA production: (i) the indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) pathway (ii) the indole-3-acetaldoxime (IAOx) pathway, and (iii) the indole-3-acetamide (IAM) pathway (Figure 1) (Ljung 2013;Zhao 2014).In the IPA pathway, the TAA1 family of Trp aminotransferases converts Trp into IPA (Stepanova et al. 2008;Tao et al. 2008;Yamada et al. 2009;Zhou et al. 2011) followed by the direct conversion to IAA by t...

Residents are expected to be educators often without any formal schooling, and many continue a career in academic medicine where they play a pivotal role in education. However, few resident curricula have been published to include instruction in teaching, particularly in the field of Neurology. To guide Neurology residents as they take on their role as a clinician-educator, we developed a 1-year curriculum (Neurology Residents as Comprehensive Educators "Neuro RACE") with monthly sessions divided into didactics, small group discussions, and interactive kinetic learning. A postcurriculum survey was used to evaluate the residents' response to this curriculum. Residents reported an overall improvement in their comfort and confidence in their teaching abilities. As an integral part of academic training, residents-as-teachers curricula should take a prominent role in Neurology training programs.

Orthostatic hypotension is common in Parkinson's disease. The current recommended management of orthostatic hypotension related to Parkinson's disease involves first general measures and then medications with little risk of severe adverse side effects.

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