Numerous antigens are now known that can induce antibodies bearing similar or identical variable region determinants (idiotypes) in all individuals of one or more strains of inbred mice (1-3). In many cases, the immune response to such antigens is of a highly restricted character, as judged by isoelectricfocusing (IEF) 1 of induced antibodies or other criteria. A curious feature is that the fraction of antibodies bearing a particular cross-reactive idiotype (Id) varies markedly between the known systems. Characteristic values indicating the extent of idiotypic dominance in the various systems can be tabulated (4). For example, ~30-35% of induced antibodies to group A streptococcal carbohydrate in A/J mice bear a common Id, designated A5A (5). In contrast, the response of BALB/c mice to the phosphorylcholine (PC) determinant, presented on T-independent (6) or T-dependent (7) carriers, is almost entirely (>--90%) dominated by antibodies bearing the T15 Id. Many of the factors that determine the extent of dominance of a paricular Id in a given response are obscure, although the clonal heterogeneity of B cells capable of responding to the epitope is likely to be important.The enumeration of characteristic values of clonal dominance implies a certain degree of stability. However, situations are known in which the representation of particular Ids changes considerably during the course of a response or during a multiple immunization regimen. MacDonald and Nisonoff (8) reported that crossreactive idiotypic specificities, present in the sera of individual rabbits early in the course of a hyperimmunization schedule with a p-azobenzoate conjugate, were replaced, at 2-4 mo, by a new set of cross-reactive specificities. A better-defined system, the NP-b Id present on anti-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)-acetyl (NP) antibodies of C57BL/6 mice, has been analyzed by M~ikel~i and Karjalainen (9) and Jack et al.
Controversy has existed over apparent dissimilarities in the autoregulatory capacities of the rat and dog. A protocol was designed to evaluate both the effects of the anesthetic agents. Nembutal (used most commonly in dogs) and Inactin (most frequently employed in rats) and the species peculiarities of these two mammals on autoregulation of renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). With Nembutal autoregulation of RBF was present in both experimental animals. Inactin impaired RBF autoregulation similarly in both species. With impaired RBF autoregulation similarly in both species. With either anesthetic GFR was autoregulated well in both rat and dog. Comparison of the two species revealed a greater RBF per gram kidney weight and a higher renal perfusion pressure (RPP) at which autoregulation of both hemodynamic parameters was lost in the rat. It is concluded from these studies that 1) the frequent use of Inactin in the rat in large part accounts for the observed lack of autoregulation of RBF in this animal and 2) renal hemodynamic responses are qualitatively similar in rat and dog when the same anesthetic agents are used.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.