Super-enhancers (SEs) are critical for the transcriptional regulation of gene expression. We developed the super-enhancer archive version 3.0 (SEA v. 3.0, http://sea.edbc.org) to extend SE research. SEA v. 3.0 provides the most comprehensive archive to date, consisting of 164 545 super-enhancers. Of these, 80 549 are newly identified from 266 cell types/tissues/diseases using an optimized computational strategy, and 52 have been experimentally confirmed with manually curated references. We now support super-enhancers in 11 species including 7 new species (zebrafish, chicken, chimp, rhesus, sheep, Xenopus tropicalis and stickleback). To facilitate super-enhancer functional analysis, we added several new regulatory datasets including 3 361 785 typical enhancers, chromatin interactions, SNPs, transcription factor binding sites and SpCas9 target sites. We also updated or developed new criteria query, genome visualization and analysis tools for the archive. This includes a tool based on Shannon Entropy to evaluate SE cell type specificity, a new genome browser that enables the visualization of SE spatial interactions based on Hi-C data, and an enhanced enrichment analysis interface that provides online enrichment analyses of SE related genes. SEA v. 3.0 provides a comprehensive database of all available SE information across multiple species, and will facilitate super-enhancer research, especially as related to development and disease.
Assessment of myocardial viability is deemed necessary to aid in clinical decision making whether to recommend revascularization therapy for patients with myocardial infarction (MI). Dianthraquinones such as hypericin (Hyp) selectively accumulate in necrotic myocardium, but were unsuitable for early imaging after administration to assess myocardial viability. Since dianthraquinones can be composed by coupling two molecules of monomeric anthraquinone and the active center can be found by splitting chemical structure, we propose that monomeric anthraquinones may be effective functional groups for necrosis targetability. In this study, eight radioiodinated monomeric anthraquinones were evaluated as novel necrosis avid agents (NAAs) for imaging of necrotic myocardium. All 131I-anthraquinones showed high affinity to necrotic tissues and 131I-rhein emerged as the most promising compound. Infarcts were visualized on SPECT/CT images at 6 h after injection of 131I-rhein, which was earlier than that with 131I-Hyp. Moreover, 131I-rhein showed satisfactory heart-to-blood, heart-to-liver and heart-to-lung ratios for obtaining images of good diagnostic quality. 131I-rhein was a more promising “hot spot imaging” tracer for earlier visualization of necrotic myocardium than 131I-Hyp, which supported further development of radiopharmaceuticals based on rhein for SPECT/CT (123I and 99mTc) or PET/CT imaging (18F and 124I) of myocardial necrosis.
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