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Enaminoketones and esters are gaining increased interest, particularly cyclic-β-enaminoesters, which are known as important intermediates for the synthesis of heterocycles and natural products, because the enantioselective preparation of highly functionalized compounds is of central importance in synthetic chemistry. Enaminones are versatile synthetic intermediates that combine the ambident nucleophilicity of enamines with the ambident eletrophilicity of enones. Enaminoketones and enaminonitriles have proven to be versatile building blocks for the synthesis of various heterocycles such as pyridine, pyrimidine and pyrrole derivatives. Enaminones systems have "enone" character, and may act as acceptors in both 1,2 and 1,4-additions. In this way the enaminone serves as a scaffold for annulation, and can gain access to systems such as pyrroles indolizidines, quinolizidines and perhydroindoles, all of which are common motifs in alkaloid structures. Enaminones are frequently employed as building blocks for the preparation of a variety of bicyclic compounds of biological interest and have been recently recognized as potential anticonvulsant compounds. Since a large number of developments in the use of enaminones in heterocyclic synthesis have occurred, a review of the recent developments in the synthetic approaches, covering the literature since 1995 until 2004, to these interesting molecules and their useful chemical transformations and biological activity can be considered of considerable value.J. Heterocyclic Chem., 41, 461 (2004).Enaminoketones. Introduction.The term enaminone was introduced by Greenhill to define the enamine of a 1,3-diketone, β-ketoester or similar 1,3-difunctional reagents, and is used to indicate any compound containing the conjugated system N-C=C-C=O [1]. Enaminones are versatile synthetic intermediates that combine the ambident nucleophilicity of enamines with the ambident eletrophilicity of enones. The chemistry of the enaminocarbonyl group 1 is potentially an area of considerable scope when one considers that there are present in this moiety, three nucleophilic sites (a, c and e) and two electrophilic sites (b and d) [2][3][4] (Figure 1).Theorically, primary and secondary acyclic enaminones can exist in three tautomeric forms: ketamino form, iminoenol form and oxoimino form [1][2][3]. There is also evidence that cyclic enaminones exist primarily in the enaminoketo form. A study of cyclic enaminoketones shows that these compounds have a significant steric fator in the six-membered ring. The six-membered ring enaminoketones are only slightly stronger bases than the saturated amines, whereas five-and-seven membered rings are much stronger bases than saturated amines. This has been attributed to a large steric strain present in six-membered enaminoketones [5].β-Aminoenones or enaminoketones can exist in four conformations owing to restricted rotations around the C=C double and C-C=O single bonds [3]. Enaminones with primary or secondary amino groups can exist in both Z-and E-forms. If there is a...

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Low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) and ion ± molecule reactions with 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (MD) performed by pentaquadrupole (QqQqQ) mass spectrometry were applied to locate the charge site in isomeric heteroaromatic cations. The 2-, 3-, and 4-pyridyl cations are indistinguishable by CID. However, as suggested by MS 3 experiments and ab initio calculations, the 2-pyridyl cation reacts extensively with MD by a transacetalization-like mechanism to afford a bicyclic dihydrooxazolopyridyl cation. The 3-and 4-pyridyl cations, on the contrary, react predominantly with MD by proton transfer, as does the analogous phenyl cation. The 2-, 4-, and 5-pyrimidyl cations display characteristic CID behavior. In addition, the 2-pyrimidyl cation reacts extensively with MD by the transacetalization-like mechanism, whereas proton transfer occurs predominantly for the 4-and 5-pyrimidyl cations. The ions thought to be the 2-and 3-furanyl and 2-and 3-thiophenyl cations show indistinguishable CID and ion ± molecule behavior. This is most likely the result of their inherent instability in the gas phase and their spontaneous isomerization to the corresponding butynoyl and butynethioyl cations HCCHCH 2 CO and HC CHCH 2 C S . These isomerizations, which are considerably exothermic according to G2(MP2) ab initio calculations, are indicated by a series of experimental results. The ions dissociate upon CID by loss of CO or CS and undergo transacetalization with MD. Most informative is the participation of HC CHCH 2 C S in a transacetalization/dissociation sequence with replacement of sulfur by oxygen, which is structurally diagnostic for thioacylium ions. It is therefore possible to locate the charge site of the 2-pyridyl and the three 2-, 4-, and 5-pyrimidyl cations and to identify the isomeric precursors from which they are derived. However, rapid isomerization to the common HCCH-CH 2 -CO(S) ion eliminates characteristic chemical behavior that could result from different charge locations in the heteroaromatic 2-and 3-furanyl and 2-and 3-thiophenyl cations.

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