Thirty Santa Ines adult, non-lactating, non-pregnant ewes, ten with a brown coat, ten black coated and ten white coated, as well as ten Bergamasca and ten of mixed breed were used to evaluate the effect of climate on physiological and blood parameters in sheep. Two sample collections were taken (6 AM: and 2 PM: ) on six days. Sweating rate (SR), heart (HR) and breathing rates (BR), complete hemogram, rectal (RT) and skin temperatures (ST) were measured. Variance analyses were carried out using SAS(R). In general, there were significant differences between animals due to skin type, time and day of collection. White coated animals showed lower HR, BR and RT, with afternoon parameters higher than morning. Correlations between HR, BR, RT, SR and ST were medium and positive. Correlations between physiological and blood traits were in general negative and medium. Packed Cell Volume (PCV), total plasma proteins, red blood cell count and hemoglobin concentration had high positive correlations between each other. The first two autovectors explained 49% of variation between traits. White coated Santa Ines animals were shown to be better adapted to climatic conditions in Central Brazil and wool sheep more affected by heat.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare physical parameters in groups of sheep with different phenotypic characteristics in the Centre-west region of Brazil. Five groups of sheep, with nine animals per group, were selected, three groups of Santa Inês animals with different coat colours (white, brown and black), one group with crossbred animals (Santa Inês × Bergamasca) and one group with animals of the Bergamasca breed. The following traits were evaluated: coat thickness, number and length of hair, pigmentation level in the coat and the skin as well as the percentage area of sweats glands in the skin tissue, carried out by histological analysis. The number of hairs and the area of sweats glands were not significantly different between the evaluated groups. The Bergamasca breed showed low pigmentation of the skin and long hairs. The levels of pigmentation of the hair and of the skin were highly correlated. Between the Santa Inês groups, the group with white hair showed the better parameters for heat adaptation, while the brown hair group showed the lower heat adaptation when compared with another hair breed groups.

RESUMO -O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características de volume e forma testicular em zebuínos jovens da raça Nelore para caracterizar a sua importância na avaliação e seleção de reprodutores. Foram examinados a circunferência escrotal (CE), o comprimento (COMP), a largura (LARG) e o volume testicular (VOL) em 442 machos aos 12 e 18 meses de idade, divididos em dois grupos contemporâneos (G1 e G2), em função da data do nascimento. O VOL foi calculado pela fórmula: VOL = 2[(r 2 ) x Π x h] em que r = LARG/2, h = COMP, e Π = 3,14. A forma dos testículos foi avaliada pela razão LARG/COMP, resultando em cinco formas: longa (razão ≤ 0,5), longa moderada (razão de 0,51 a 0,625), longa/oval (razão de 0,626 a 0,750), oval/esférica (razão de 0,751 a 0,875) e esférica (razão > 0,875). Em 87% dos animais, os testículos apresentaram forma longa e, em 74%, houve mudança da forma testicular com a idade. Os parâmetros estudados variaram em função da forma testicular, e o crescimento dos testículos ocorreu em largura. Os resultados sugerem que, ao selecionar reprodutores, principalmente jovens, deve-se considerar o volume testicular, além de possíveis mudanças da forma testicular.Palavras-chave: forma testicular, Nelore, touro, volume testicular Testicular Biometrics Characteristics to Evaluate the Nellore Zebu Breed BullsABSTRACT -The objective of this study was to analyze the testicular volume and shape in young males of Nellore Zebu breed and their importance for the evaluation and selection of sires. Four hundred and forty two males, from 12 to 18 month of age, were examined for scrotal circumference (CE), length (COMP), width (LARG) and testicular volume (VOL). The animals were divided in two groups (G1 and G2) according to their date of birth. The VOL was calculated by the formula: VOL = 2[(r 2 ) x Π x h], where r, h and Π are LARG/2, length and 3.14, respectively. The mean values of CE, COMP, LARG and VOL at 12 month of age were 184.89±15.79 mm, 65.96±6.48 mm, 2.58±4.63 mm and 113.80±42.03 cm 3 , and at 18 months of age were 236.81±mm, 79.31±11.16 mm, 42.92±5.83 mm and 239.26±90.56 cm 3 , respectively. The parameters at 12 and 18 months of age were influenced by contemporary groups, being highly correlated. The testicular shape was considered as a length to width ratio, being recorded five forms: long (ratio ≤ .5), long moderate (.51 to .626 ratio), long/ ovoid (.626 to .750 ratio), ovoid/spheroid (.751 to .875 ratio) and spheroid (> .875 ratio). 87% of the animals presented the long shape and, in 74%, the testicular shape changed with the age. All the parameters were influenced by testicular shape, and the testis grew in width. The results suggest that the selection of young bulls should consider the testicular volume besides the possible change in the testicular shape. IntroduçãoConstam do processo de seleção de reprodutores várias características morfo-fisiológicas do aparelho reprodutor, como a circunferência ou o perímetro escrotal e, ainda, mais recentemente, a avaliação quanti-qualitativa do sêmen.Na pre...

Studies in genetics and breeding of sheep in Brazil have increased significantly in recent years. These involve research in characterization, breeding and crossing sheep using new technologies available incorporating both classical quantitative and molecular genetics. Improvements in statistical techniques, computational resources as well as analysis of DNA and gaps in present knowledge and opportunities for possible research are pointed out. There is a need for greater interaction between various groups working in the country as well as interactions with other disciplines such as Geographical Information Systems, Statistics, Bioinformatics, as well as biological studies such as physiology and proteomics.

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Brazil has various species of domestic animals, which developed from breeds brought by the Portuguese settlers soon after the discovery of the country. After being submitted to a long process of natural selection, these breeds present characteristics adapted to specific Brazilian environmental conditions, and are known as "criollo", "local" or naturalized breeds. From the beginning of the 20th century, some exotic breeds, selected in temperate regions, have begun to be imported, and, although more productive, they do not have adaptive traits, such as resistance to disease and parasites found in the naturalized breeds. Even so, they gradually replaced the native breeds, to such an extent that the latter are in danger of extinction. To avoid further loss of this important genetic material, in 1983 the National Research Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Cenargen) of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa) decided to include conservation of animal genetic resources among its priorities. The conservation activities have been conducted under the Brazilian Genetic Resources Network -Renargen, and is carried out by various research centres of Embrapa, universities and State research institutions, as well as by private farmers, with a single coordinator at national level, Cenargen. The in situ conservation of cattle, horses, buffaloes, donkeys, goats, sheep and pigs is being carried out by Conservation Nuclei, located in the animal's original habitat. Ex situ conservation is centred at the Brazilian Animal Germplasm Bank (AGB), kept at Cenargen. This is responsible for the storage of semen and embryos of various breeds of domestic animals threatened with extinction. Presently the AGB has almost 60,000 doses of semen and more than 250 embryos, as well as over 7000 DNA samples. An important challenge for this program is to increase awareness within the different segments of society in terms of the importance of the conservation of animal genetic resources. The development and evolution of Renargen and its efforts to facilitate the conservation of genetic resources of livestock in Brazil are described in this paper.