This study was carried out to determine current levels of nitrate in vegetables marketed in the Region of Valencia (Spain) and to estimate the toxicological risk associated with their intake. A total of 533 samples of seven vegetable species were studied. Nitrate levels were derived from the Valencia Region monitoring programme carried out from 2009 to 2013 and food consumption levels were taken from the first Valencia Food Consumption Survey, conducted in 2010. The exposure was estimated using a probabilistic approach and two scenarios were assumed for left-censored data: the lower-bound scenario, in which unquantified results (below the limit of quantification) were set to zero and the upper-bound scenario, in which unquantified results were set to the limit of quantification value. The exposure of the Valencia consumers to nitrate through the consumption of vegetable products appears to be relatively low. In the adult population (16-95 years) the P99.9 was 3.13 mg kg body weight day and 3.15 mg kg body weight day in the lower bound and upper bound scenario, respectively. On the other hand, for young people (6-15 years) the P99.9 of the exposure was 4.20 mg kg body weight day and 4.40 mg kg body weight day in the lower bound and upper bound scenario, respectively. The risk characterisation indicates that, under the upper bound scenario, 0.79% of adults and 1.39% of young people can exceed the Acceptable Daily Intake of nitrate. This percentage could join the vegetable extreme consumers (such as vegetarians) of vegetables. Overall, the estimated exposures to nitrate from vegetables are unlikely to result in appreciable health risks.
ResumenDurante los últimos años y gracias a la estrecha colaboración del Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, la empresa Argea S.L y la Dirección General de Patrimonio de la Comunidad de Madrid, se viene desarrollando un modelo mixto de formación e investigación en el yacimiento paleolítico de Los Ahijones (Vicávaro-Madrid) en el que los alumnos de prácticas de campo del Máster de Arqueología y Patrimonio de nuestra Universidad participan activamente. En este trabajo presentamos tanto las metodologías docentes aplicadas en dicho yacimiento, como los resultados preliminares de la investigación resultado de las campañas de 2013-15. Los datos obtenidos muestran la enorme y compleja actividad de talla que los grupos achelenses pusieron en práctica en las zonas del interfluvio Jarama-Manzanares a lo largo de la segunda mitad del Pleistoceno medio.Palabras clave: Achelense, interfluvio, Ahijones, talleres, sílex.
AbstractDuring the last years, thanks to the collaboration between the Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Argea S.L company and the Direccción General de Patrimonio of the Community of Madrid, a mixed model of practical learning and research has been developed in the Paleolithic site of Los Ahijones (Vicávaro-Madrid). In that site, the students of the Master of Archaeology and Heritage of our University practice fieldwork methodologies and actively participate in the general research. In this contribution, we present the teaching methods applied in the field, as well as some data obtained in the research from the 2013-15 campaigns. The preliminary results demonstrate the enormous and complex activity developed by acheulian groups in the interfluvial areas of the Jarama and Manzanares rivers during the second half of Middle Pleistocene.
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