Children have a right to have their views sought and given due weight on all matters affecting them, including at times of emergency and crisis. This article describes the process and findings of the ground-breaking CovidUnder19 survey (“Life Under Coronavirus”) which was co-designed with children for children, capturing the experiences of over 26,000 children in 137 countries as to the realisation of their human rights during the first six months of the covid-19 pandemic. Key findings are discussed through the lens of the crc’ s four general principles, read alongside children’s rights, inter alia, to education, play and to be protected from harm. It argues that governments and public bodies should have sought children’s views – not just because they were under an obligation to do so – but because such engagement, now and in crises to come, provides an early warning system that enables decision-makers to mitigate some of the adverse consequences of their responses for children and their rights.
Background Research on the pedagogical use of immersive 360° videos is a rapidly expanding area within health and social care education. Despite this interest, there is a paucity of empirical data on its application. Method A scoping review methodology framework was used to search for relevant articles published between 1970 and July 2021. Six databases were used to identify studies using immersive 360° videos for training and education purposes within health and social care: PubMed, Ovid Medline, Psych Info, Psych Articles, Cochrane Database and Embase. Research questions included: Is there any evidence that immersive 360° videos increase learning outcomes and motivation to learn in health and social care education? What are the key pedagogical concepts and theories that inform this area of research? What are the limitations of using immersive 360° videos within health and social education? The four dimensions contained within Keller’s ARCS model (attention, relevance, confidence and satisfaction) frame the results section. Results Fourteen studies met our inclusion criteria. Learning outcomes confirm that immersive 360° videos as a pedagogical tool: increases attention, has relevance in skill enhancement, confidence in usability and user satisfaction. In particular, immersive 360° videos has a positive effect on the user’s emotional response to the learning climate, which has a significant effect on users’ motivation to learn. There was a notable lack of pedagogical theory within the studies retrieved and a general lack of clarity on learning outcomes. Conclusion Studies examining the effectiveness of such interventions remains weak due to smaller sample sizes, lack of randomised control trials, and a gap in reporting intervention qualities and outcomes. Nevertheless, 360° immersive video is a viable alternative to VR and regular video, it is cost-effective, and although more robust research is necessary, learning outcomes are promising. Future directions Future research would do well to focus on interactivity and application of pedagogical theory within immersive 360° videos experiences. We argue that more and higher quality research studies, beyond the scope of medical education, are needed to explore the acceptability and effective implementation of this technology.
Purpose This paper aims to report on the findings of a qualitative study that explored the views and experiences of young people leaving care during the first phase of the Covid-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative approach was adopted involving semi-structured interviews with 24 care leavers 18–25 years old from across the region. Interviews were conducted remotely online or by telephone and explored young people’s lived experiences during the pandemic including their views on the formal support services and how best to provide ongoing for support care leavers during the pandemic. Findings Study findings highlight how known adversities for care leavers are exacerbated during the pandemic, having a detrimental impact, particularly on their emotional well-being. The response of the state as a corporate parent in mitigating the impact of the pandemic was found to be inadequate; with a need for much clearer communication, transparent and prompt decision-making and targeted specialist mental health services. The account given by the young people also highlighted the importance of participation and relationship-based practice to build on the young people’s resilience in the context of high levels of social isolation and limited access to informal support systems. Originality/value This research, based on the views of care experienced young people themselves, is the first study in Northern Ireland to report on the impact of the Covid 19 pandemic on care leaving. As such it makes a contribution to this emerging international field of study and, given the persistence of the pandemic, provides empirical findings and a social justice perspective of ongoing relevance to policy and practice with young people leaving care.
The long-term relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) such as exposure to violence in the home and in the community, healthharming behaviors, poor physical and mental health outcomes, and ultimately, early mortality was first documented by Felitti et al. (1998) in their seminal study with more 8,000 people in the United States. However, it is clear that not all people experience the same types of adversity (Grasso, Dierkhishing, Branson, Ford, & Lee, 2015) and even when they do, the behavioral outcomes vary considerably (Cecila, Viding, Fearon, Glaser, & McCrory, 2017). Exposure to extra-familial violence and subsequent violent offending appears to be particularly gendered (McNaughton-Ryes, Foshee, Chen, & Ennett, 2018; Vaswani, 2018). Since the original investigation, later epidemiological studies, such as those in the UK have confirmed thedeleterious and doseresponse effects of adversity during childhood on later offending behaviors, with those exposed to multiple adversities and violent trauma, significantly more likely to engage in violence (Bellis, Hughes, Leckenby, Perkins, & Lowey, 2014). Violence may be a significant social problem with both social and economic costs (Walsh, 2018) but however pervasive (Krauss, 2006), it is not a new phenomenon. Records suggest that observers were keen to understand the mechanics of intentional aggressive behavior as far back as the time of the ABSTRACT Violent offending is a key concern to criminologists, but current paradigms have not fully explained why some people are violent and others are not. Despite the fact that between 80% and 98% of all violent-related crimes are perpetrated by males, few studies have convincingly examined why this is the case. Violence is traumatic and is one of the most commonly experienced traumas internationally. Violence is the leading cause of death for young men ages under 24 globally, and in addition to fatalities, there are 10 times more violence-related injuries. In the UK, 78% of perpetrators of violent crime are male, and the vast majority of victims are male. Two things appear clear: violence is pervasive and is the most common trauma experienced by boys and young men. This article seeks to highlight the need for both a trauma-informed approach as well as a gender-conscious approach in the discourse around violence prevention research, policy, and practice.
The cryptic invasion of North American aquatic ecosystems by non-native haplotypes of Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., 1841, has been well documented. Most research has focused on eastern Canada, and the eastern seaboard, St. Lawrence waterway, southwest (Utah), and Gulf coast regions of the United States. Less has been published on the extent of this invasion in the north central United States. In this report, 69 populations of Phragmites australis were identified and sampled within the Minnesota and Mississippi River corridors of Minnesota, as well as from roadway drainage ditches within the greater Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan region (MSP). Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing were used to determine the cpDNA lineage of each population. All populations sampled within the river valleys were native North American haplotype E, as were most MSP populations. However, numerous isolated populations of Eurasian haplotype M Phragmites australis were identified along MSP transportation corridors. Nuclear microsatellites indicated that these M haplotype populations are not clonal. These results show that Eurasian haplotype M Phragmites australis has become established in at least one region of Minnesota, but has not yet widely invaded the riparian wetlands of Minnesota's two largest rivers. This provides a baseline for continued monitoring of the spread of this invasive plant.
Previous studies have consistently established young men's over representation in the criminal justice system particularly in relation to interpersonal violence. Despite this, the voice of young men are seldom heard, reducing our understanding of young men's experience of crime and violence. As Northern Ireland emerged from the longest conflict in contemporary European history following the Good Friday Agreement of 1998, a new generation of young men have grown up in a society with a reconstituted police force, sustained paramilitary ceasefires and increased community cohesion. In 2018, 32 young men aged between 16 and 20 from across Northern Ireland engaged in focus groups exploring their perceptions of crime and violence growing up since 1998. The study found that paramilitaries are still present but the extent to which they are active differs greatly between communities; young men's literacy around crime in general is limited; issues of personal safety are critical but they do not always develop the necessary skills to avoid violence until later in adolescence; and contact with the police is generally perceived as negative. It is recommended that young men have spaces to reflect on their attitudes and beliefs, develop skills to avoid violence and professionals are trained to engage young men more effectively.
Traumatic experiences during childhood are common and often lead to chronic mental health conditions such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The primary aim of this study was to determine whether a well‐validated screening tool for PTSD administered in frontline services effectively identifies diagnosable PTSD in young people with a history of maltreatment. In total, 141 young people in community care settings were screened using three screening instruments (Child Revised Impact of Events Scale‐8; Generalised Anxiety Disorder‐2; Patient Health Questionnaire‐2). Participants described a range of adverse life events: 110 of the 141 participants reported at least one adverse life experience (mean number for the total sample was 2.8), with 44.2 per cent (n = 46) experiencing at least one form of interpersonal trauma; and 102 participants (72.3 per cent) screened positively for probable PTSD and subsequent mental health assessments confirmed this condition in 64.7 per cent of these participants. Further, 36.9 per cent (n = 52) and 46.8 per cent (n = 66) met the threshold for probable depression and anxiety, respectively. Three items were associated with positive PTSD screens: a history of being on the child protection register, previous mental health contact and interpersonal index trauma. Interpersonal traumas were also associated with higher risks of offending. It seems feasible to use screening measures effectively within frontline social care services if staff are provided with appropriate training and support to identify young people with PTSD who may benefit from evidence‐based mental health therapies. Key Practitioner Messages There is strong evidence of the link between childhood adversities and poor mental health, including PTSD. This study found that a short instrument can be embedded within social care services to screen children and young people for PTSD. It is important that frontline staff have the necessary training and tools to understand the effects of trauma and screen children's mental health in order to facilitate access to effective therapies at an early stage.
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