Outcomes of bariatric surgery, while frequently impressive, are not universal and vary between patients and across surgical procedures. Between 20-30% of patients experience suboptimal weight loss or significant weight regain within the first few postoperative years. The reasons for this are not fully understood, but likely involve both physiological processes, behavioral factors, and psychological characteristics. Evidence suggests that preoperative psychosocial status and functioning can contribute to suboptimal weight losses and/or postoperative psychosocial distress. Much of this work has focused on the presence of recognized psychiatric diagnoses and with particular emphasis on mood disorders as well as binge eating disorder (BED). Several studies have suggested that the presence of preoperative psychopathology is associated with suboptimal weight losses, postoperative complications, and less positive psychosocial outcomes. Contemporary psychological theory suggests that it may be shared features across diagnoses, rather than a discrete diagnosis, that better characterizes psychopathology. Mood and substance use disorders (SUDs), as well as BED, share common features of impulsivity, although clinicians and researchers often use complementary, yet different terms, such as emotional dysregulation or disinhibition (i.e., loss of control over eating, as applied to food intake), to describe the phenomenon. Impulse control is a central factor in eating behavior and extreme obesity. It also may contribute to the experience of suboptimal outcomes after bariatric surgery, including smallerthan-expected weight loss and psychosocial distress. This paper reviews the literature in these

Background: Severe obesity is frequently a barrier to kidney transplantation, and kidney transplant recipients often have significant weight gain following transplantation. Objectives:The goals of this study were to evaluate the long-term risks and benefits of bariatric surgery before and after kidney transplantation. Setting: University Hospital, United StatesMethods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 43 patients who had pre-transplantation bariatric surgery and 21 patients who had post-transplantation bariatric surgery from 1994-2017, with 10:1 propensity score matching to identify matched controls using national registry data.Results: Body mass index at the time of transplantation was similar in patients who underwent bariatric surgery before versus after transplantation (32 vs 34 kg/m 2 , p=0.172). There was no significant difference in body mass index in the 5 years after bariatric surgery among patients who underwent bariatric surgery before versus after kidney transplantation (36 vs 32 kg/m 2 , p=0.814). Compared to matched controls, bariatric surgery before (n=38) and after kidney transplantation (n=18) was associated with a decreased risk of allograft failure (hazard ratio 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.29-0.33 and 0.85, 95% confidence interval 0.85-0.86 for pre and post-transplant,

Bariatric surgery is the most robust treatment for extreme obesity. The impact of preoperative medical weight management sessions designed, in theory, with the primary goal of promoting preoperative weight loss, is unclear. This paper reviews studies that have investigated the relationship between preoperative weight loss and bariatric surgical outcomes, both with respect to postoperative weight loss and complications. We conclude that the most robust of preoperative interventions has not been implemented or evaluated in a manner which would conclusively assess the value of this element of care. We offer a reconsideration of the role of preoperative medical weight management and provide recommendations for future research in this area.

Background: Currently the most effective treatment for severe obesity in adolescents is weight-loss surgery coupled with lifestyle behavior change. In preparation for weight-loss surgery, adolescents are required to make changes to eating and activity habits (lifestyle changes) to promote long term success. Social media support groups, which are popular among adolescents, have the potential to augment preoperative lifestyle changes. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively assess the perceived role of social media as a support tool for weight-loss, and to identify motivators and constraints to lifestyle changes and social media use in adolescents preparing for weight-loss surgery. Methods: Thematic analysis of social media comments from 13 (3 male, 10 female) adolescents aged 16 ± 1.3 years with a body mass index (BMI) 45 ± 7.3 kg/m 2 enrolled in a weight-management program preparing for bariatric surgery and who participated in a 12-week pilot social media intervention was performed. Participants commented on moderator posts and videos of nutrition, physical activity, and motivation that were shared three to four times per week. Social media comments were coded using NVivo 11.0 to identify recurrent themes and subthemes. Results: 1) Social media provided accountability, emotional support, and shared behavioral strategies. 2) Motivators for lifestyle changes included family support, personal goals, and non-scale victories. 3) Challenges included negative peers, challenges with planning and tracking, and time constraints. Conclusion: Adolescents considering bariatric surgery identified social media as a tool for social support and reinforcement of strategies for successful behavior change. Important motivators and challenges to lifestyle changes were identified.

Purpose: Obesity is a major risk factor for end stage kidney disease (ESKD) and is often a barrier to kidney transplantation. However, limited evidence exists evaluating postoperative bariatric surgery outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and ESKD. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent bariatric surgery in 2015-2016 using the national Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Accreditation and Quality Improvement Program dataset. Propensity score matching was used to balance characteristics across patients with CKD and ESKD vs. those without CKD. Results: There were 323,034 patients without CKD, 1,694 patients with CKD, and 925 patients with ESKD who underwent bariatric surgery. Patients with CKD and ESKD had a significantly increased risk of 30-day reoperation (CKD odds ratio [OR] 2.25 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.45-3.51; ESKD OR 3.10, 95% CI 1.72-5.61) and readmission (CKD OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.5-2.56; ESKD OR 2.97, 95% CI 2.05-4.31) compared to patients without CKD; mortality risk was elevated in patients with ESKD (OR 11.59, 95% CI 6.71-20.04) but not in those with CKD (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.32-3.11). Rates of adverse outcomes were <15% across all groups. There were 12, 50, and 172 deaths per 1,000 person-years among patients without CKD, with CKD, and with ESKD, respectively.

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Our retrospective study demonstrated that surgical weight loss was associated with a significant decrease in breast density. Additional studies are warranted to validate our findings and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying breast density change after weight loss surgery.