No abstract

In naturally postmenopausal women, endogenous androgens may play a role in the maintenance of beneficial patterns of metabolic, morphometric, and functional parameters.

The role new start-ups may play in the economic recovery has been thrust into the political limelight, with a number of policy makers and advocates calling for network interventions to stimulate and foster an environment conducive to their growth and development. However, the design and implementation of these policies may have differential effects for low-wealth minority enterprises. In this article, the author draws on social resource theory to conceptualize the effects of social networks on access to financial resources. The findings suggest that disparities do exist among low-wealth minority enterprises in the amount of social resources they possess as well as in the formal financial resources obtained. Low-wealth minority enterprises that do obtain a higher level of formal financial resources have upward connections to those that possess greater social resources. The research has implications for the design and implementation of policies geared toward low-wealth minority entrepreneurs.

With the recent economic crisis in the USA, stories of homes lost to foreclosure are increasingly common. In this paper, we attempt to connect this present day problem to its historical roots in racial oppression. We examine 2004 data from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act database for racial disparities in lending. We find that African Americans are less likely than European Americans to receive loans from regulated lenders. We also find that regardless of lender type and income level, African Americans are more likely than European Americans to receive high priced loans. We argue that these racial differences in access to quality loans that allow for the acquisition of assets through home ownership are part of a historical trend of whiteness as property and undeserved enrichment and unjust impoverishment.

The consensus view that discriminatory barriers limit the size and scope of America’s minority-business community is factually well-grounded. Rarely examined, however, is the question of why these firms are flourishing. The authors examine the scope of this growth and its causes. The process of selectively reducing discriminatory barriers inhibiting minority entrepreneurship’s development began in the 1960s, moved forward in the 1970s, and continues presently. This path-dependent process of lowering barriers has altered the incentive structures, previously making the entrepreneurial choice an unattractive one for most minorities. This, in turn, has drawn into business ownership a younger generation of highly educated and experienced minorities, many of whom have successfully obtained bank loans. Spatially, minority neighborhoods as well have successfully attracted talented, experienced African American and Latino owners and financing for their firms. Those with abundant expertise have driven the substantial gains in numbers of workers employed by minority-owned businesses.