Introduction Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells‐2 (TREM2) is an immune receptor expressed on microglia that also can become soluble (sTREM2). How TREM2 engages different ligands remains poorly understood. Methods We used comprehensive biolayer interferometry (BLI) analysis to investigate TREM2 and sTREM2 interactions with apolipoprotein E (apoE) and monomeric amyloid beta (Aβ) (mAβ42). Results TREM2 engagement of apoE was protein mediated with little effect of lipidation, showing slight affinity differences between isoforms (E4 > E3 > E2). Another family member, TREML2, did not bind apoE. Disease‐linked TREM2 variants within a “basic patch” minimally impact apoE binding. Instead, TREM2 uses a unique hydrophobic surface to bind apoE, which requires the apoE hinge region. TREM2 and sTREM2 directly bind mAβ42 and potently inhibit Aβ42 polymerization, suggesting a potential role for soluble sTREM2 in preventing AD pathogenesis. Discussion These findings demonstrate that TREM2 has at least two ligand‐binding surfaces that might be therapeutic targets and uncovers a potential function for sTREM2 in directly inhibiting Aβ polymerization.

INTRODUCTION:TREM2 is an innate immune receptor expressed on myeloid cells including microglia in the brain. How TREM2 engages different ligands remains poorly understood. METHODS: We used comprehensive BLI analysis to investigate the TREM2 interactions with ApoE and monomeric amyloid beta (mAβ42). RESULTS: TREM2 binding did not depend on ApoE lipidation, and there were only slight differences in affinity observed between ApoE isoforms (E4 > E3 > E2). Surprisingly, diseaselinked TREM2 variants within a "basic patch" minimally impact ApoE binding. Instead, TREM2 has a unique hydrophobic surface that can bind to ApoE. This direct engagement requires the hinge region of ApoE. TREM2 directly binds mAβ42 and can potently inhibit Aβ42 polymerization, suggesting a potential mechanism for soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) in preventing AD pathogenesis. DISCUSSION: These findings demonstrate that TREM2 has at least two separate surfaces to engage ligands and uncovers a potential function for sTREM2 in directly inhibiting Aβ polymerization.

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