Toe arthroscopy has historically had limited applications but is beginning to emerge as a viable treatment option for select toe pathologies, and continues to have expanding indications as technology and techniques improve. Toe arthroscopy has used a multitude of distraction techniques to perform the procedures but all have had limited success. Thus, we propose a simple toe arthroscopy distraction technique that uses an external positioning arm to allow the surgeon to apply manual traction in multiple positions without the use of an assistant, external weights, or any reprocessed sterile equipment.
Current surgical techniques in ankle fracture management now include arthroscopic-assisted reduction and internal fixation. The need for minimally invasive fracture reduction techniques, which preserve soft tissue envelops and assists in overall anatomic reduction, can be refined and improved. The ankle is an ideal anatomic location for arthroscopic-assisted reduction and internal fixation due to the high incidence of intra-articular pathology and the poor long-term sequela of nonanatomic reduction. Thus, we propose using prone posterior ankle arthroscopic reduction internal fixation for posterior ankle fracture variants.A nkle fractures are among the most commonly treated fractures, but surgeons have been slow to accept arthroscopic assistance in treating these fractures. The thin rigid articular surfaces of the tibiotalar joint and the high incidence of traumatic osteochondral lesions produce small fragments and often loose bodies that are difficult to assess with standard open techniques. Standard anterior ankle arthroscopy is ideal for anterior pathology and syndesmosis reduction, but puts posterior pathology out of reach.1 Posterior ankle arthroscopy puts the posterior malleolus and pilon variants and their associated pathology within reach, making loose body removal and direct visualization of fracture reduction possible, while avoiding extensive posterior lateral dissection. Thus, we purpose using prone posterior arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation for posterior ankle fracture variants. Surgical Technique Preoperative SetupThe patient is positioned prone taking care to prevent hyperextension of the cervical spine and padding all bony prominences. We also recommend placing a thigh tourniquet before rolling the patient into the prone position ensuring that the feet are off the end of the bed. An external positioning arm (Trimano; Arthrex, Naples, FL) is applied to the ipsilateral side on the most distal end of the operating table rail. The operative leg is then prepped and draped in the standard fashion. We then apply a standard padded ankle distraction strap positioned around the end of the external position arm with gentle traction applied. The gentle traction serves 2 purposes: helps with reduction and holds the ankle in place as we operate. The anatomic landmarks (medial/lateral malleolus, Achilles tendon, and sural nerve) are marked and identified. Portal PlacementWe use the tip of the lateral malleolus to gauge the location of the posterior portals, which are established tangential to the Achilles tendon. The posteromedial portal is initially established using the nick-and-spread technique. Then a Stryker (Kalamazoo, MI) 4.0-mm 30 arthroscope is introduced. The posterolateral portal is then established in the same manner using a straight hemostat to create a working space and help with triangulation.
Severe hindfoot arthritis often requires a multilevel fusion which can be performed with a variety of techniques. The operating surgeon must take several elements into account when choosing a surgical technique as patients requiring a hindfoot fusion has often had multiple surgeries or have compromised soft tissue envelopes. Regardless of the technique used, meticulous joint preparation is paramount and often compliments the means of internal fixation. Beyond joint preparation and internal fixation, the surgeon must also decide if bone grafting is necessary and if so how to obtain the sufficient amount. Given the aforementioned difficulties we propose an arthroscopic ankle and subtalar preparation utilizing a soft tissue noninvasive distraction technique followed by the use of a reamer-irrigator-aspirator system to provide autograft bone grafting followed by intramedullary nailing. This technique maximizes healing potential, minimizing soft tissue injury, and avoids a secondary bone graft harvest site while providing superior biomechanical properties. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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