Despite convincing in vitro evidence, a vitamin C±E interaction has not been con®rmed in vivo. This study was designed to examine the effects of supplementation with either vitamin C or E on their respective plasma concentrations, other antioxidants, lipids and some haemostatic variables. Fasting blood was collected before and after intervention from thirty healthy adults in a doubleblinded crossover study. Baselines for measured variables were established after 2 weeks of placebo supplementation, followed by daily supplementation with 73×5 mg RRR-a-tocopherol acetate or 500 mg ascorbic acid, and placebo, for 6 weeks. A 2 month washout preceded supplement crossover. Mean values showed that plasma lipid standardised a-tocopherol increased with ascorbic acid supplementation: from 4×09 (SEM 0×51) to 4×53 (SEM 0×66) mmol/ mmol total cholesterol plus triacylglycerol (P , 0×05), and plasma ascorbic acid increased from 62×8 (SEM 14×9) to 101×3 (SEM 22×2) mmol/l (P , 0×005). Supplementation with (RRR)-atocopherol acetate increased plasma a-tocopherol from 26×8 (SEM 3×9) to 32×2 (SEM 3×8) mmol/l (P , 0×05), and lipid-standardised a-tocopherol from 4×12 (SEM 0×48) to 5×38 (SEM 0×52) mmol/ mmol (P , 0×001). Mean plasma ascorbic acid also increased with vitamin E supplementation, from 64×4 (SEM 13×3) to 76×4 (SEM 18×4) mmol/l (P , 0×05). Plasma ferric reducing (antioxidant) power and glutathione peroxidase (U/g haemoglobin) increased in both groups, while urate, total cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels decreased (P , 0×05 throughout). Results are supportive of an in vivo interaction between vitamins C and E.
The ASI proved to be a reliable and insightful instrument, highlighting specific surface learning tendencies present in the group as well as a deep learning approach, the pattern of which deviates from previous studies on this subject. This study also confirms the value of some teaching practices as a means of supporting deep learning and perhaps challenging surface learning strategies. The prevalent perception of a high workload is notable, as is its positive association with surface learning.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of preparatory information on psychological coping outcomes among total hip replacement (THR) patients. A quasi-experimental design within an ethnographic clinical context was used. Eighty-two healthy individuals, scheduled for elective THR were recruited for the study and nonrandom selection techniques were used. The subjects in the experimental group were given procedural, sensory and coping information relating to the whole surgical procedure of a THR. In addition, written information was given to support the verbal information. Subjects in the control group received only the advice and support that would routinely be given to THR patients by ward, medical and nursing staff. The main outcomes were measured using standard questionnaires, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) measuring anxiety and depression, Rosenburg Self-Esteem Scale measuring self-esteem, and Health Illness Questionnaire measuring sense of control. Lastly, a Linear Analogue Coping Scale was developed and applied to assess a subject's personal perception of coping with a THR. Providing information had positive effects on the psychological coping outcomes measured. Subjects in the experimental group had significantly less anxiety and depression with a high self-esteem and sense of control. The Linear Analogue Coping Scale demonstrated a strong correlation between how subjects believed they were coping and that measured using the standard questionnaires. The study concluded that preparatory information of various types and in different forms appears to have positive effects on psychological coping outcomes for THR patients, which may have influenced postoperative recovery.
These findings demonstrate that EPO has the capacity to act as a biological antioxidant and provide a mechanistic basis for its reported cytoprotective benefits within the clinical setting.
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