Background and purpose: M 1 muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) represent an attractive drug target for the treatment of cognitive deficits associated with diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. However, the discovery of subtypeselective mAChR agonists has been hampered by the high degree of conservation of the orthosteric ACh-binding site among mAChR subtypes. The advent of functional screening assays has enabled the identification of agonists such as AC-42 (4-nbutyl-1-[4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl]-piperidine), which bind to an allosteric site and selectively activate the M 1 mAChR subtype. However, studies with this compound have been limited to recombinantly expressed mAChRs. Experimental approach: In this study, we have compared the pharmacological profile of AC-42 and a close structural analogue, 77-LH-28-1 (1-[3-(4-butyl-1-piperidinyl)propyl]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone) at human recombinant, and rat native, mAChRs by calcium mobilization, inositol phosphate accumulation and both in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology. Key results: Calcium mobilization and inositol phosphate accumulation assays revealed that both AC-42 and 77-LH-28-1 display high selectivity to activate the M 1 mAChR over other mAChR subtypes. Furthermore, 77-LH-28-1, but not AC-42, acted as an agonist at rat hippocampal M 1 receptors, as demonstrated by its ability to increase cell firing and initiate gamma frequency network oscillations. Finally, 77-LH-28-1 stimulated cell firing in the rat hippocampus in vivo following subcutaneous administration. Conclusions and implications: These data suggest that 77-LH-28-1 is a potent, selective, bioavailable and brain-penetrant agonist at the M 1 mAChR and therefore that it represents a better tool than AC-42, with which to study the pharmacology of the M 1 mAChR. (2008) 154, 1104-1115 doi:10.1038/bjp.2008 published online 5 May 2008 Keywords: muscarinic receptors; selective agonist; allosteric; AC-42; 77-LH-28-1; calcium mobilization; inositol phosphate; cell firing; network oscillations There is a wide array of pharmacological tools with which to study mAChRs. For example, N-methyl scopolamine, quinuclidinylbenzilate, pirenzepine and darifenacin are among numerous mAChR antagonists, and ACh and oxotremorine-M among mAChR agonists, which have been used in unlabelled and radiolabelled forms to characterize the localization, pharmacology and function of mAChRs. Unfortunately, most of these pharmacological tools exhibit poor selectivity between mAChR subtypes (Caulfield and Birdsall, 1998;Ellis, 2002). Those agents that do display high degrees of mAChR subtype selectivity are few in number and when discovered are often shown to interact with an allosteric, rather than the orthosteric, site as exemplified by the highly selective M 1 receptor peptide antagonist MT-7 (muscarinic toxin 7; Olianas et al., 2000). British Journal of PharmacologyTherefore, the identification of selective M 1 mAChR agonists would represent a significant advance in mAChR pharmacology and could offer t...

A selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonist offers the potential for an effective antipsychotic therapy, free of the serious side effects of currently available drugs. Using clearance and brain penetration studies as a screen, a series of 1,2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolines, exemplified by 13, was identified with high D(3) affinity and selectivity against the D(2) receptor. Following examination of molecular models, the flexible butyl linker present in 13 was replaced by a more conformationally constrained cyclohexylethyl linker, leading to compounds with improved oral bioavailability and selectivity over other receptors. Subsequent optimization of this new series to improve the cytochrome P450 inhibitory profile and CNS penetration gave trans-N-[4-[2-(6-cyano-1, 2,3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-2-yl)ethyl]cyclohexyl]-4-quinolinecarbo xamide (24, SB-277011). This compound is a potent and selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonist with high oral bioavailability and brain penetration in the rat and represents an excellent new chemical tool for the investigation of the role of the dopamine D(3) receptor in the CNS.

4-n-Butyl-1-[4-(2-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-1-butyl]-piperidine hydrogen chloride (AC-42) is a selective agonist of the muscarinic M 1 receptor previously suggested to interact with an "ectopic" site on this receptor. However, the pharmacological properties of this site (i.e., whether it overlaps to any extent with the classic orthosteric site or represents a novel allosteric site) remain undetermined. In the present study, atropine or pirenzepine significantly inhibited the ability of either carbachol or AC-42 to stimulate inositol phosphate accumulation or intracellular calcium mobilization in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing the human M 1 receptor. However, the interaction between either of these antagonists and AC-42 was characterized by Schild slopes significantly less than unity. Increasing the concentrations of atropine revealed that the Schild regression was curvilinear, consistent with a negative allosteric interaction. More direct evidence for an allosteric mode of action of AC-42 was obtained in [3 H]N-methylscopolamine ([ 3 H]NMS) binding studies, in that both AC-42 and the prototypical modulator gallamine failed to fully inhibit specific [ 3 H]NMS binding in a manner that was quantitatively described by an allosteric model applied to both modulator data sets. Furthermore, AC-42 and gallamine significantly retarded the rate of [ 3 H]NMS dissociation from CHO-hM 1 cell membranes, conclusively demonstrating their ability to bind to a topographically distinct site to change M 1 receptor conformation. These data provide the first direct evidence that AC-42 is an allosteric agonist that activates M 1 receptors in the absence of the orthosteric agonist.

At their clinical doses, current antipsychotic agents share the property of both dopamine D(2) and D(3) receptor blockade. However, a major disadvantage of many current medications are the observed extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS), postulated to arise from D(2) receptor antagonism. Consequently, a selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonist could offer an attractive antipsychotic therapy, devoid of the unwanted EPS. Using SAR information gained in two previously reported series of potent and selective D(3) receptor antagonists, as exemplified by the 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine 10 and the 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindoline 11, a range of 7-sulfonyloxy- and 7-sulfonylbenzazepines has been prepared. Compounds of this type combined a high level of D(3) affinity and selectivity vs D(2) with an excellent pharmacokinetic profile in the rat. Subsequent optimization of this series to improve selectivity over a range of receptors and reduce cytochrome P450 inhibitory potential gave trans-3-(2-(4-((3-(3-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxidiazolyl))phenyl)carboxamido)cyclohexyl)ethyl)-7-methylsulfonyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine (58, SB-414796). This compound is a potent and selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonist with high oral bioavailability and is CNS penetrant in the rat. Subsequent evaluation in the rat has shown that 58 preferentially reduces firing of dopaminergic cells in the ventral tegmental area (A10) compared to the substantia nigra (A9), an observation consistent with a prediction for atypical antipsychotic efficacy. In a separate study, 58 has been shown to block expression of the conditioned place preference (CPP) response to cocaine in male rats, suggesting that it may also have a role in the treatment of cue-induced relapse in drug-free cocaine addicts.

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