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Twenty-two stream segments, representing the diverse types of environments in the mid-western region of the

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AimWe evaluated different facets of beta diversity (taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional), and its components (spatial turnover and nestedness), of a stream macroalgal metacommunity, as well as the effect of local environmental variables, types of biome and spatial factors on these facets and components.LocationTen natural areas of southern Brazil, covering the main biomes represented in the region.TaxonStream macroalgae.MethodsWe analysed a macroalgal data set collected in 105 stream segments using a dissimilarity partitioning approach to decompose total beta diversity into spatial turnover and nestedness components. Furthermore, we assessed the effects of local environmental variables, biome type and spatial factors on beta diversity components by performing distance‐based redundancy analysis (db‐RDA), and its partial version (db‐pRDA). Taxonomic data were tabulated considering four different species incidence matrices: total macroalgae; only green algae; only red algae and only cyanobacteria.ResultsFor taxonomic and phylogenetic facets, very high values of total beta diversity were found for all species incidence matrices, with spatial turnover (species replacement) accounting for almost all this diversity; nestedness had extremely low values. For functional diversity, total beta diversity was again high and spatial turnover was greater than nestedness, but nestedness (the tendency for less diverse locations to contain a subset of those in higher diversity locations) was considerably higher than that observed for taxonomic and phylogenetic facets. In regard to taxonomic and phylogenetic facets, total beta diversity and spatial turnover were, in general, significantly related to local environmental variables, biome type and spatial factors for total macroalgae and green algae, whereas they were significantly related to types of biome and space for red algae, and only to local environment for cyanobacteria.Main conclusionsOur results showed that spatial turnover was the main component of beta diversity, regardless of the facet and macroalgal species incidence matrix, and that the relative influence of local environmental variables, types of biome and spatial factors on the total beta diversity and its spatial turnover component can vary according to the facet considered and by algal group.

Soybean oil emulsion given as a single dose of 500 mL promotes lymphocyte and neutrophil death that may enhance the susceptibility of the patients to infections.

An updated synthesis of cyanobacteria and algae information is presented for Brazil aiming to refine the data gathered to date and evaluate the progress of the biodiversity knowledge about these organisms in the country since the publication of the Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil. The results of 2015 showed an increase of 1,250 species (35.7%) when compared to 2010, reaching a total of 4,747 species. The most diverse classes in species number were the Bacillariophyceae, Conjugatophyceae, Florideophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae and Euglenophyceae. Bacillariophyceae and Cyanophyceae had the highest increase in species number in the five-year interval. The Southeast and South regions were the most diverse, however, the Northeast, with the states of Piauí and Sergipe, and the Central-west region, with Mato Grosso, Goiás and Distrito Federal, also stood out in the national algal biodiversity scenario. Despite the shortage of taxonomists and limited infrastructure, the results showed a significant improvement in the knowledge regarding the diversity of cyanobacteria and algae in the country during the study period, starting to even out regional geographical differences caused by subsampling. Key words: Biodiversity, phycology. ResumoApresenta-se uma síntese atualizada de informações sobre algas no Brasil objetivando refinar os dados reunidos até o presente, bem como avaliar os avanços sobre o conhecimento da diversidade de algas no país desde a publicação do Catálogo de Plantas e Fungos do Brasil. Os resultados de 2015 mostraram um acréscimo de 1.250 espécies (35.7%) a um total de 4.747 em relação a 2010. As classes mais diversas em número de espécies foram Bacillariophyceae, Conjugatophyceae, Florideophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Dinophyceae e Euglenophyceae. Bacillariophyceae e Cyanophyceae tiveram o maior acréscimo de espécies no intervalo de cinco anos. A região Sudeste e Sul foram as mais diversas, porém, as regiões Nordeste com os estados do Piauí e Sergipe e Centro-Oeste com os estados de Mato Grosso, Goiás e Distrito Federal destacaram--se no cenário da biodiversidade nacional. Apesar da escassez de taxonomistas e da infraestrutura limitada, os resultados obtidos evidenciaram um avanço significativo no conhecimento da diversidade de algas no país nesse período de cinco anos, iniciando uma mudança quanto as diferenças geográficas regionais. Palavras-chave: Biodiversidade, ficologia.

The triathlon competition induced neutrophil death possibly by apoptosis as indicated by DNA fragmentation and phosphatidylserine externalization. The increase in plasma levels of oleic, linoleic, and stearic acids induced by the competition may be involved in the neutrophil death observed possibly by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and by decreasing the accumulation of intracellular neutral lipid.

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