In recent time, there is a major concern about antibiotic resistance displayed by some pathogenic microorganisms and this had involved a continuous search for natural antimicrobial products. The phytochemistry as well as antimicrobial activity of extracts obtained from Lenzites quercina was investigated. The extracts and purified fractions were, respectively, tested against indicator organisms using agar well diffusion and disc diffusion methods. The quantity of phytochemicals found in the extracts of L. quercina ranged from 14.4 to 20.7 mg/g for alkaloids, 6.1 to 12.8 mg/g for steroids, 4.5 to 10.6 mg/g for saponins, 2.8 to 17.2 mg/g for terpenoids, and 0.41 to 17.1 mg/g for flavonoids. The gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GCMS) analysis of the extract reveals the presence of caprylic acid, stearic acid, tetradecanoic acid, methyl-11-octadecenoate, oleic acid, and 4-methyl-2-propyl-1-pentanol. Extracts of L. quercina and its purified fractions exhibited wider range of inhibition (4 mm to 26 mm) on Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 35218), Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger. The antimicrobial effects of L. quercina extracts indicate that this wild macrofungus contains significant amount of pharmacological agents, which could be extracted to curb the menace of antibiotic resistances by pathogenic organisms.
The need for a broad spectrum antimicrobial mouthwash is highly desirable to reduce, control and prevent various types of dental diseases. Hence, research into the production of herbal toothpaste to suppress the incidence of dental diseases is pertinent. The present study formulated herbal toothpastes from edible and medicinal plants namely; Syzygium aromaticum , Dennettia tripetala , and Jatropha curcas latex. The antimicrobial activity of the toothpastes was assessed against some oral pathogenic microorganisms using agar well diffusion. Phytochemical analysis of S. aromaticum and D. tripetala revealed the presence of phenols, flavonoids, alkaloid, and saponins. The major constituent of the plants from gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC/MS) analysis are eugenol (83.58%), caryophyllene (4.35%) and phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate (12.07%) from S. aromaticum, while D. tripetala had glutaric acid (57.57%), eugenol (2.9%), caryophyllene (1.12%), and 1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-,(E)- (3.36%). The pH and specific gravity of the formulated toothpastes respectively ranged from 8.57 to 9.67 and 1.08 to 1.10, while the pH and specific gravity of commercial toothpastes were from 5.39 to 8.55 and 0.97 to 1. 11 respectively. The formulated toothpastes have better and significant (P < 0.05) antimicrobial effect when compared to commercial toothpastes. The zones of inhibition of formulated toothpastes against the tested microorganisms ranged from 4.0 to 18.30 mm, while MIC ranged from 2.5 to 20.0 mg/mL. The formulated toothpastes exhibited potent antimicrobial property against the tested pathogens as a result of bioactive compounds in them. Hence, these biomolecules can be extracted for the production of safe and effective herbal-based toothpaste. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13568-019-0744-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
The monocomponent adsorption process of Cu(II) ions in synthesized industrial wastewater were investigated using activated carbons (BACs) derived from sugarcane bagasse as the precursor. Batch adsorption studies were done by treating the precursor with H3PO4 (BAC-P) and ZnCl2 (BAC-Zn) in order to observe the effects of experimental variables such as contact time, pH of the solution, and adsorbent dose. The Langmuir isotherm model excellently described the adsorption data for both the derived BACs, indicating monolayer coverage on the BACs with the determination coefficients close to the value of one. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacities of 589 and 225 m g g − 1 at 30°C were obtained for BAC-P and BAC-Zn adsorbents, respectively. The modeling of kinetic data of Cu(II) ions adsorption onto BAC-P and BAC-Zn adsorbents illustrated that the Elovich kinetic model fitted well. Here, the adsorption process was film-diffusion controlling, while being principally governed by external mass transport where the slowest step is the diffusion of the particles through the film layer. The mechanism of the adsorption process was proposed taking into cognizance of the ion exchange and surface complexation on active sites between the negatively charged surface of the BACs and the positively charged Cu(II) ions. The BACs were characterized using analytical methods such as SEM, FTIR, EDX, XRD, BET surface area, and zeta potential measurements. Both BACs mainly composed of mesopores and bonds of O-H, C-O, C=O, and C-O-C. The BET surface area of BAC-P and BAC-Zn was 427.5 and 282 m2/g before adsorption, and their isoelectric point (pHIEP) 3.70 and 5.26, respectively.
Cultivation of edible fungi, notably Pleurotus species, have been considered as alternative food supplement due to their functional qualities. In this study, the effect of different substrates on the yield, biological efficiency and proximate composition of Pleurotus spp. was evaluated. Proximate analysis of the substrates and cultivated mushrooms was carried out using standard methods. Pleurotus ostreatus harvested from Terminalia ivorensis and Triplochiton scleroxylon had the highest yield of 46.97 g and 45.81 g, respectively, with a biological efficiency (BE) of 48.83% and 48.40%, which were significantly different from other mushrooms cultivated on wood dusts. Pleurotus pulmonarius cultivated on T. ivorensis and Gossypium hirsutum had a BE of 43.54 % and 42.28%, which are similar values to the BE of P. "florida" (43.09 %) cultivated on Ceiba pentandra. Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on Terminalia ivorensis and Alstonia congensis have the highest protein and crude fibre contents of 30.09% and 21.06%, respectively. Pleurotus "florida" harvested from Gossypium hirsutum, Persea americana and T. ivorensis have the highest values of moisture (4.91%), fat (3.96%) and ash (13.98%), respectively, while P. pulmonarius cultivated on Ficus mucuso has a carbohydrate content of 57.66%. The cultivated Pleurotus mushrooms on wood dusts are means of providing foods that are richly endowed with nutritive components, which can be supplemented to low dietary foods to eliminate malnutrition.
Background:Genetic variation among different strains of wild macrofungi can be expressed and documented using different molecular tools. In this study, the genetic diversity and relatedness of Pleurotus ostreatus from different locations in Ondo and Ekiti States were investigated. Methods:Random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction marker was adopted to assess the genetic diversity of some wild P. ostreatus. Microorganisms associated with the wild P. ostreatus and their soil (substrate) were enumerated and identified using standard microbiological methods, while composition of soil around the mushrooms was evaluated using the conventional method.Results: A total of 114 positive DNA bands were observed among wild P. ostreatus based on random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (RAPD) with 10 primers, showing a total number of polymorphic markers of 91 and average polymorphism of 80.24%. P. ostreatus from Ala quarters and Igbatoro Road in Akure related to P. ostreatus from AdoEkiti, while P. ostreatus from Ido-Ekiti and Usi-Ekiti are genetically similar. The bacterial count from wild P. ostreatus and associated soil ranged from 1.20 × 10 4 to 4.70 × 10 5 and 1.70 × 10 7 to 6.10 × 10 8 CFU g −1, respectively. The highest fungal count of 3.40 × 10 4 and 7.40 × 10 7 SFU g −1 were obtained for wild P. ostreatus and associated soil at Usi-Ekiti, which possesses the highest organic content (5.90%). Isolated microorganisms were Pseudomonas putida, Streptomyces spp., Trichoderma spp., Penicillium italicum and others. The highest crude fiber (25.04%) and protein content (24.07%) were obtained in wild P. ostreatus from Usi-Ekiti. Conclusion:RAPD revealed the genetic relatedness and genetic diversity among studied wild P. ostreatus, indigenous to two sates in Southwestern Nigeria. This will improve the strain selection for further utilization and documentation.
The phytochemical property and inhibitory potential of petroleum ether and ethanol extracts of Lenzites quercina, Ganoderma lucidum and Rigidoporus ulmarius were assessed. Standard method was adopted to quantify the phytochemicals in the mushroom extracts. Poisoned food technique was used to assess the inhibition of the extracts obtained from the macrofungi against some pathogenic dermatophytes. The phenolic content of the studied mushroom extracts ranged from 15.7 to 83.8 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g extract. Ethanolic extract of G. lucidum has the higher content of alkaloids (34.3 mg/g) and flavonoids (18.1 mg/g). Exactly 33.1 mg/g of terpenoids and 16.6 mg/g of saponins were also quantified in ethanolic extract of L. quercina. Extracts of L. quercina, G. lucidum and R. ulmarius exhibited wide range of mycelia inhibition at 50 mg/ml on the tested dermatophytes. The consistent inhibition displayed by the mushroom extracts against the dermatophytes affirms that these wild mushrooms contain bioactive compounds that are antifungal in nature and may possess the ability to cure dermatophyte infections.
Background The frequent incidence of fungal infection and widespread of antibiotic resistance are emergent concerns in public health. Hence, there is a need to harness the potential of natural bioactive compounds from plant towards treatment of fungal infection. Combination effect of antibiotic creams with natural products from plants is prospective strategy to produce new antifungal agent. This study therefore, revealed antifungal effect of combined Antifungal Creams (AFCs) with Turmeric Essential Oil (TEO) or Aloe vera Gel (AVG). Methods Phytochemicals and bioactive compounds in TEO and AVG were revealed using GC-MS. Bioactive compounds in plant extracts were compared to known compounds in database library of National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). Antifungal activity and synergistic effect of AFCs with TEO or AVG were carried out using agar well diffusion method. Results Phenol, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides were present in TEO and AVG. GCMS revealed thirty-six (36) and eighteen (18) bioactive compounds in TEO and AVG, respectively. AFCs displayed zones of inhibition with values ranged from 5.0 to 14.3 mm, TEO was 5.0 to 11.0 mm and AVG was 8.0 to 11.7 mm against tested fungi. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) by AFCs, TEO and AVG ranged from 1.25 to 10.0 mg/ml. Combinatory effects of AFCs with TEO or AVG revealed synergistic and indifferent properties. Conclusion Development of novel products using bioactive ingredients from plants with commercially available AFCs will serve as potential alternative therapy to cure dermatological infections with no side effects.
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