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A key issue of real-time applications is ensuring the operation by taking into account the stability constraints. For multi-source vehicles stability is impacted by the multi-source interactions. Backstepping control ensures stable control for most classes of nonlinear systems. Nevertheless, no Backstepping control in real-time has been yet proposed for multi-source vehicles. The objective of this paper is to apply the Backstepping control to a multi-source vehicle with fuel cell and supercapacitors for realtime implementation. A distribution criterion is used to allocate energy between sources. Experimental results demonstrate that the developed Backstepping control can be implemented in realtime conditions. The supercapacitors can thus help the fuel cell to meet the requirements of the load with a guarantee of system stability.

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For system design, analysis of global performance and energy management of electric vehicles, it is common to use the efficiency map of electric traction drive. The characterization of the efficiency map with high accuracy is then an important issue. In this paper an onroad method and an off-road method are compared experimentally to determine the efficiency map of electric drive of electric vehicles. The off-road method requires a dedicated experimental test bed, which is expensive and time-consuming. The on-road method is achieved directly in-vehicle. Experimental data, recorded during an on-road driving cycle, are used to determine the efficiency map using non-intrusive measurements from GPS antenna, voltage and current sensors. A versatile experimental setup is used to compare both methods on the same platform. A maximal efficiency difference of 6% is achieved in most of the torque-speed plane. It is shown that, in an energetic point of view, both methods yield similar results.