No abstract
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.
is not a pandemic" as Richard Horton, the editor of The Lancet, one of the most prestigious international medical journals, put it in September, 2020 (Horton 2020). Rather, it is a "syndemic," a disease caused by social inequalities and by the ecological crisis understood in the broadest sense. First conceived by Merrill Singer, an American medical anthropologist, in the 1990s, this notion emphasizes the socioeconomical, politico-institutional, and ecological origins of pandemics (Singer Bulled, Ostrach, and Mendenhall 2017). The most important consequence of seeing COVID-19 as a syndemic is the underlining of its social origins. For Horton, it is not only the disrupted climate, or the continuous increase in chronic diseases that are weakening the population's state of health in the face of new health risks; COVID-19 also appears to be the umpteenth episode in a long series of economic and political choices that have amplified the dismantling of health systems. The lesson drawn by The Lancet is clear: if we do not change our economic, social and political model, if we continue to treat the virus as a biological event whose circulation needs only to be "blocked," health disasters will continue to multiply. 1 2 At the end of 2019, while Wuhan province was dealing with the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, South Asia had other preoccupations. India was facing massive and violent uprisings against the Citizenship Act passed by parliament, which was deemed anti-Muslim. The authorities seemed unconcerned about the virus and denied any possibility of local transmission, despite the first cases identified in January 2020 in Kerala. Until March, the Indian authorities produced communiqués stating that there was no community transmission of the virus and that it was cases coming from abroad that were to blame. Finally, after this phase of denial, the Prime Minister announced on 24 March 2020, four hours before it came into effect, the complete lockdown of the country for 21 days, which was immediately followed by another two-week period. This lockdown, which was the "most wide-reaching that the world had ever seen," had disastrous economic effects. Many other South Asian states quickly ensured that they
Depuis les années 2000, la santé de la reproduction semble constituer un sujet d’inquiétude en Inde. Les taux de mortalité maternelle et infantile encore élevés discréditent l’image de superpuissance que l’État aime afficher, le déséquilibre du sex-ratio continue de se creuser et, malgré une importante baisse du taux de fécondité, le pays doit faire face à une population de plus d’un milliard trois cent millions d’habitants. À partir d’une enquête de terrain d’un an et demi dans un hôpital public et dans les bidonvilles de Jaipur, Clémence Jullien analyse les conséquences, pour les femmes et leur famille, des nouveaux programmes de santé : une prime financière incite les femmes à accoucher à l’hôpital plutôt qu’avec des accoucheuses traditionnelles et, depuis 2011, les soins obstétriques à l’hôpital sont devenus entièrement gratuits. Toutefois, ces programmes, censés garantir l’accès aux soins, rendent les bénéficiaires les plus vulnérables davantage conscients des inégalités socio-économiques qu’ils subissent, renforcent les stéréotypes existants et donnent au personnel hospitalier et aux membres d’ONG un pouvoir discrétionnaire. Tensions sociales (castes, classes) et religieuses se cristallisent autour de la maternité. D’autres enjeux cruciaux – discrimination à l’égard des petites filles, faible pouvoir décisionnel des femmes, recours limité à la contraception – surgissent alors, accentuant les différences au sein de la société indienne, sous couvert de progrès et au nom de l’intérêt de la nation.
No abstract
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