Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are responsible for the production of type I IFN during viral infection. Viral elimination by IFN-α-based therapy in more than 50% of patients chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) suggests a possible impairment of production of endogenous IFN-α by pDCs in infected individuals. In this study, we investigated the impact of HCV on pDC function. We show that exposure of pDCs to patient serum- and cell culture-derived HCV resulted in production of IFN-α by pDCs isolated from some donors, although this production was significantly lower than that induced by influenza and human herpesvirus type 1 (HHV-1). Using specific inhibitors we demonstrate that endocytosis and endosomal acidification were required for IFN-α production by pDCs in response to cell culture-derived HCV. HCV and noninfectious HCV-like particles inhibited pDC-associated production of IFN-α stimulated with Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists (CpG-A or HHV-1) but not that of IFN-α stimulated with TLR7 agonists (resiquimod or influenza virus). The blockade of TLR9-mediated production of IFN-α, effective only when pDCs were exposed to virus prior to or shortly after CpG-A stimulation, was already detectable at the IFN-α transcription level 2 h after stimulation with CpG-A and correlated with down-regulation of the transcription factor IRF7 expression and of TLR9 expression. In conclusion, rapidly and early occurring particle–host cell protein interaction during particle internalization and endocytosis followed by blockade of TLR9 function could result in less efficient sensing of HCV RNA by TLR7, with impaired production of IFN-α. This finding is important for our understanding of HCV-DC interaction and immunopathogenesis of HCV infection.
IntroductionThe eradication of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Ͼ 50% of chronically infected patients by treatment with IFN-␣ 1,2 suggests that production of endogenous IFN-␣ plays an important role in the control of HCV infection. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a highly specialized subset of dendritic cells that function as sentinels for viral infection and are responsible for production of type I (IFN-␣ and ) and type III (IFN-/IL-28/29) IFNs, proinflammatory cytokines, and antigen presentation during viral infection. [3][4][5][6] pDCs are able to detect genetic material of viruses with a subset of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) localized to the endosomal compartment. 7 These nucleotide-sensing TLRs include TLR7, which recognizes single-stranded RNA, and TLR9, which recognizes DNA.In addition to nucleotide-sensing TLRs, pDCs also recognize pathogens through a battery of cell surface regulatory receptors, including Fc (FcR) and C-type lectin receptors (CLRs). The principal function of these regulatory receptors on pDCs is to facilitate antigen capture and to prevent aberrant immune responses by modulating production of type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines. 7 Some of these receptors, such as a member of CLR family, blood DC antigen 2 (BDCA-2), associate with the ␥-chain of Fc⑀RI receptor, which contains an immunoreceptor tyrosinebased activation motif. In pDCs, triggering of these receptors initiates a signaling pathway similar to the one that occurs downstream of the B-cell receptor. 8 Other CLRs of pDC, such as DC-immunoreceptor (DCIR), 9 contain an immunoreceptor tyrosinebased inhibitory motif. Triggering of BDCA-2 8,10 or DCIR 9 inhibits TLR9-and in some cases TLR7-induced production of type I IFNs and proinflammatory cytokines.Several reports have shown that exposure of pDCs from healthy donors to HCV particles results in no or only weak production of type I IFN. [11][12][13][14][15] However, in addition to this passive role, HCV particles also actively impair production of IFN-␣ triggered in pDCs by synthetic agonists of TLR9. 11,13 In contrast to HCV particles, a recent report has shown that HCV-infected hepatoma cells induce in pDCs a robust TLR7-mediated production of type I IFN. 14 Here we investigated whether HCV particles suppress production of IFN-␣ induced in pDCs by HCV-infected hepatoma cells. Furthermore, we investigated the mechanism of the impairment of pDC functions by HCV particles. We demonstrate that, in addition to type I IFNs, exposure of pDCs to HCV-infected hepatoma cells resulted in the production of type III IFNs and that HCV particles or HCV envelope glycoprotein E2 inhibited the production of both types of IFNs by binding to CLRs, BDCA-2 and DCIR. We further show that HCV particles induce in pDCs a rapid phosphorylation of Akt and Erk1/2, in a manner similar to the crosslinking of BDCA-2 or DCIR. Blocking of BDCA-2 and DCIR with Fab fragments of mAbs protects pDCs against the inhibition of IFN production induced by HCV particles. Thus, negative interference of CLR signaling t...
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