Enzymatic esterification of eugenol is a matter of great scientific and technological interest due to the well-known drawbacks of the chemical-catalyzed route as well as the potential use of produced compounds as natural antimicrobials. This work reports the maximization of eugenil acetate production by esterification of eugenol and acetic anhydride in a solvent-free system using Novozym 435 as catalyst. The antimicrobial activity of eugenol and eugenil acetate was also determined. The operating conditions that maximized eugenil acetate production were 50 °C, eugenol to acetic anhydride of 1:3, 150 rpm, and 5.5 wt% of enzyme, with a conversion of 99 %. A kinetic study was performed to assess the influence of substrates molar ratio, enzyme concentration, and temperature on eugenil acetate yield. Results show that an excess of anhydride, low enzyme concentration (1 wt%), and 60 °C afforded nearly complete conversion after 6 h of reaction. The highest antimicrobial activity of eugenil acetate was observed against Acinetobacter sp. (48.66 mm) at concentration of 20 μL. Results indicate that the esterification of eugenol improved its antimicrobial properties. New experimental data on enzymatic esterification of eugenol and acetic anhydride are reported in this work, showing a promising perspective to overcome the inconvenient of the chemical-catalyzed route for obtaining antimicrobial natural compounds.
ABSTRACT:The use of natural compounds is a less aggressive alternative for the control of insects in stored grains, in relation to synthetic chemical agents. Plants with insecticidal properties can be used as a source of these compounds to the direct application in pest control. In this work, the essential oil of Cinnamodendron dinisii was chemically characterized and tested regarding its insecticidal and repellent effect on the control of Sitophilus zeamais in stored grains. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The insecticidal potential was evaluated through the maintenance of the insects during 24 hours in contact with several doses of the oil, in the absence of feed substrate. The Bioassays of repellency were conducted with lethal doses (LD 5 , LD 25 , LD 50 and LD 95 ) obtained from insecticidal bioassay. In order to compare the treatments, the preference index (PI) was used. The essential oil of C. dinisii had insecticidal activity against S. zeamais, causing a linear and crescent mortality with LD of 0.04, 0.17, 0.34 and 0.63 µL/cm 2 , respectively. The repellency ranged from 55.4% to 85.2%, using the LD values previously mentioned. The DL 5 was neutral regarding repellence (PI index -0,09), but from DL 25 on, the PI index was between -0.1 and -1.0, indicating repellence activity.Keywords: essential oil, insecticidal, repellence, Sitophilus zeamais. RESUMO: Óleo essencial de Cinnamodendron dinisii Schwanke para controle deSitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). O uso de compostos naturais é uma alternativa menos agressiva para o controle de insetos em grãos armazenados em relação aos agentes químicos sintéticos. Plantas com propriedades inseticidas podem ser usadas como fonte destes compostos para a aplicação direta no controle de pragas. No presente trabalho, o óleo essencial de Cinnamodendron dinisii foi caracterizado quimicamente e testado em relação ao seu efeito repelente inseticida no controle de Sitophilus zeamais em grãos armazenados. O óleo essencial foi obtido por hidrodestilação e analisado por cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). O potencial inseticida foi avaliado pela manutenção dos insetos durante 24 horas em contato com várias doses de óleo, na ausência de substrato alimentar. Os bioensaios de repelência foram realizados com as doses letais (DL 5 , DL 25 , DL 50 e DL 95 ) obtidas do bioensaio inseticida. Para comparar os tratamentos foi utilizado o índice de preferência (PI). O óleo essencial de C. dinisii apresentou atividade inseticida sobre S. zeamais, causando mortalidade linear e crescente com DL de 0,04, 0,17, 0,34 e 0,63 µL/cm 2 , respectivamente. A repelência variou entre 55,4% até 85,2%, utilizando os valores de DL acima mencionados. A DL 5 mostrou-se neutra em relação à repelência (índice PI -0,09), mas a partir de DL 25 o índice PI foi entre -0,1 e -1,0, indicando atividade de repelência.Palavras-chave: óleo essencial, inseticida, repelência, Sitophilus zeamais.
Understanding the genetic structure and diversity of plants is fundamental to their conservation and permits their sustainable use by local communities. Th e genus Maytenus (Celastraceae) is composed of plants possessing pharmacological and antioxidant properties. However, the genetic and economic properties of the species M. dasyclada, a typical species of Araucaria forests in Brazil and Uruguay, have been little studied. In this work, the genetic structure and diversity of natural populations of M. dasyclada located in unprotected and preserved forest remnants were investigated using RAPD and isozymes markers. Th e results demonstrated that in areas of preservation, populations of M. dasyclada possess a relatively high degree of polymorphism and high values for Na, Ne, Shannon index, He and Ho, indicating high genetic variability. Moreover, these protected populations are very close to each other and potentially experience signifi cant gene fl ow. Th e results presented here highlight the relevance of preservation areas for the conservation of M. dasyclada, and that populations inhabiting these areas could serve as a genetic source for the recovery of populations in regions where genetic diversity has been lost.
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