Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are strong toxic compounds mainly released to the environment during combustion of fossil fuels, and have strong toxic effects on living organisms, with soil being one of their main reservoirs. High PAH levels in soils can interfere with plant growth and biomass production, causing several losses of diversity. In this study, we evaluated the effects of the co-inoculation of Trichoderma viride and Funneliformis mosseae on PAH dissipation and alleviation of oxidative stress in Triticum aestivum L. (wheat) plants growing in a phenanthrene-spiked soil. We determined the effect of single and dual fungal inoculation on phenanthrene dissipation rates, soil enzyme activities, dry biomass, antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and organic acid exudation of plants growing in a soil spiked with phenanthrene at 500 and 1000 mg kg−1 soil. The co-inoculation with T. viride and F. mosseae resulted in a high phenanthrene dissipation from the soil. Also, dry biomass, soil enzymes, antioxidant response, organic acid exudation and phenanthrene content in roots were increased by the dual inoculation treatments, whereas lipid peroxidation and phenanthrene content in shoots were reduced. Our results show that the co-inoculation with these two soil fungi significantly promotes phenanthrene dissipation from soil and contributes to alleviating oxidative damage in wheat plants exposed to high levels of phenanthrene.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) belong to the group of persistent organic pollutants with detrimental impact on the environment and its living organisms. Soil acts as the main PAH sink why strategies to remediate PAH contaminated soil are needed. Inoculation with plant growth promoting and stress alleviating fungi such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and saprotrophic fungi could be an efficient bioremediation strategy for PAH contaminated soils, but information about their compatibility is missing. In a greenhouse pot experiment we examined interactions between the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis and the saprotrophic fungus Trichoderma viride and their single and dual effects on maize plant growth performance and communities of rhizosphere microorganisms in a Phenanthrene spiked soil. Phenanthrene reduced maize plant growth independent of both fungal inoculants, which were also both inhibited by Phenanthrene. On the other hand strong mutual inhibition between R. irregularis and T.viride was observed, which mitigated their plant growth promoting effects independent of Phenanthrene. In conclusion, the observed mutual inhibition between R. irregularis and T. viride underline the importance of testing for compatibility between microbial inoculants when these are used in combination.
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