Previous research has shown that postpartum administration of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID) sodium salicylate can increase 305-d milk yield in older dairy cattle (parity 3 and greater). However, in this prior work, sodium salicylate was delivered to cows via the drinking water, a method that does not align well with current grouping strategies on commercial dairy farms. The objective of the current study was to replicate these results on a commercial dairy farm with a simplified treatment protocol and to compare sodium salicylate with another NSAID, meloxicam. Dairy cattle in their second lactation and greater (n=51/treatment) were alternately assigned to 1 of 3 treatments at parturition, with treatments lasting for 3d. Experimental treatments began 12 to 36 h after parturition and were (1) 1 placebo bolus on the first day and 3 consecutive daily drenches of sodium salicylate (125 g/cow per day; SAL); (2) 1 bolus of meloxicam (675 mg/cow) and 3 drenches of an equal volume of water (MEL); or (3) 1 placebo bolus and 3 drenches of water (CON). Blood samples were collected on the first day of treatment, immediately following the last day of treatment, and 7d after the last day of treatment; plasma was analyzed for glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), free fatty acids, haptoglobin, and paraoxonase. Milk production, body condition score, reproductive status, and retention in the herd were monitored for 365 d posttreatment, and effects of treatment, parity, days in milk, and interactions were evaluated in mixed effects models. Significance was declared at P<0.05. Whole-lactation milk and protein yields were greater in NSAID-treated cows, although 305-d fat production was not affected. There was a significant interaction of treatment and parity for plasma glucose concentration; MEL increased plasma glucose concentrations compared with CON and SAL in older cows. Sodium salicylate decreased plasma BHB concentration compared with MEL at 7d posttreatment, although no difference was detected immediately following treatment. Haptoglobin concentrations were elevated in SAL cows compared with CON. There was a tendency for CON cows to be removed from the herd more quickly than MEL cows (42 vs. 26% at 365 d posttreatment). Body condition score, concentrations of plasma free fatty acids and paraoxonase, and time to pregnancy were not affected by treatment. These results indicate that NSAID administration in postpartum cows has the potential to be a viable way to improve productivity and potentially longevity in commercial dairies, although further research is necessary to optimize recommendations for producers.

ResumenEl principal objetivo de esta investigación es presentar evidencia del uso e impacto de modelos nD como herramienta para la dirección de proyectos en la industria de la arquitectura, la ingeniería y la construcción, para lo cual se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica sobre el tema. La industria de la arquitectura, ingeniería y construcción ha sufrido cambios, innovaciones y avances en pos de optimizar proyectos pertenecientes al rubro. En este contexto, las tecnologías de información se han ido incorporando al desarrollo de este tipo de obras. Sin embargo, se desconoce el uso e impacto real que estas herramientas entregan en cada una de las áreas de conocimiento en la dirección de proyectos. Dentro de los resultados principales se tiene que al implementar estos modelos se produce un impacto directo e indirecto en la gran mayoría de los procesos de dirección de proyectos y con mayor énfasis en las áreas tiempo, costos e clientes. Palabras clave: modelos nD, dirección de proyectos, industria AIC, costos de proyectos Use and Impact of nD Models as a Tool for Project Management in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction Industry AbstractThe main objective of this research is to present evidence on the use and impact of nD models as a tool for project management in the architecture, engineering and construction industry, for which a bibliographic review on the subject has been carried out. The architecture, engineering and construction industry has undergone changes, innovations and advances to optimize projects belonging to the field. In this context, information technologies have been incorporated into the development of this type of works. However, the use and real impact that these tools contribute to each of the areas of knowledge in project management is unknown. Among the main results, the implementation of these models has a direct e indirect impact on the great majority of project management processes, with a greater emphasis on time, cost and stakeholders.

Exogenous amylase, sucrose, or a combination was used in diets with reduced starch content. The trial was performed in 48 lactating Holstein cows, and milk yield, milk composition, and dry matter intake were measured. Treatments did not affect production traits, but with slightly decreased feed intake and slightly greater milk production in amylase-fed cows, the calculated value of amylase in this study was $0. SummaryExogenous amylase, sucrose, or a combination was used in diets with reduced starch content.The trial was performed in 48 lactating Holstein cows, and milk yield, milk composition, and dry matter intake were measured. Treatments did not affect production traits, but with slightly decreased feed intake and slightly greater milk production in amylase-fed cows, the calculated value of amylase in this study was $0.37/cow per day.

Meta-analysis of the effects of dietary sugar on intake and productivity of dairy cattle AbstractA meta-analysis was performed to determine the possible effects of dietary sugar on feed intake and milk production in lactating dairy cattle. The database used in this analysis included 18 treatment comparisons frozm 10 studies reported from 1985 through 2011. Treatment comparisons were used only if: (1) either sucrose (9 comparisons) or molasses (9 comparisons) replaced corn grain without adding fat; and (2) sugar added by treatment ranged from 2 to 5% of dry matter. First, responses to sucrose and molasses were compared to assess whether these sugar sources could be considered together. Statistical analysis provided no evidence for different responses across sugar sources for dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, energycorrected milk (ECM) yield, milk fat content, or milk protein content. Different sugar sources were pooled for the remaining analyses; the combined data showed that adding sugar tended to increase DMI by 0.84 lb/day and milk fat content by 0.085%. SummaryA meta-analysis was performed to determine the possible effects of dietary sugar on feed intake and milk production in lactating dairy cattle. The database used in this analysis included 18 treatment comparisons frozm 10 studies reported from 1985 through 2011. Treatment comparisons were used only if: (1) either sucrose (9 comparisons) or molasses (9 comparisons) replaced corn grain without adding fat; and (2) sugar added by treatment ranged from 2 to 5% of dry matter. First, responses to sucrose and molasses were compared to assess whether these sugar sources could be considered together. Statistical analysis provided no evidence for different responses across sugar sources for dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield, milk fat content, or milk protein content. Different sugar sources were pooled for the remaining analyses; the combined data showed that adding sugar tended to increase DMI by 0.84 lb/day and milk fat content by 0.085%. No effects were detected for milk yield, ECM yield, or milk protein content. This analysis indicates that adding 2 to 5% dietary sugar may promote small increases in DMI and milk fat content but does not consistently increase ECM yield in lactating dairy cattle.

. Brand names appearing in this publication are for product identification purposes only. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not mentioned. Effects of postpartum treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on milk production and culling risk in dairy cattle AbstractInflammation during early lactation is common in dairy cattle, and a high degree of inflammation during this time has recently been associated with both lower productivity and greater risk of disease during that lactation. Early lactation treatments with two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were compared with a placebo treatment to evaluate effects on whole-lactation productivity and retention in the herd. Both meloxicam and sodium salicylate increased whole-lactation milk and milk protein yields by 6 to 9%, despite being administered for only 1 or 3 days in early lactation, respectively. In addition, meloxicam treatment tended to decrease the risk of cows leaving the herd during the lactation. SummaryInflammation during early lactation is common in dairy cattle, and a high degree of inflammation during this time has recently been associated with both lower productivity and greater risk of disease during that lactation. Early lactation treatments with two non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were compared with a placebo treatment to evaluate effects on whole-lactation productivity and retention in the herd. Both meloxicam and sodium salicylate increased whole-lactation milk and milk protein yields by 6 to 9%, despite being administered for only 1 or 3 days in early lactation, respectively. In addition, meloxicam treatment tended to decrease the risk of cows leaving the herd during the lactation. These results indicate that postpartum inflammatory signals have long-lasting effects on lactation in dairy cattle.