The real-time prediction in biorefinery industries has become essential. Models using partial least square regression (PLS) were developed to predict moisture, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon and organic matter of coconut and coffee residues. On this study, 49 samples were collected and near infrared spectroscopy were applied to predict moisture, ash, volatile matter, fixed carbon and organic matter. For external validation 25% of the set samples were used. Moisture and volatile matter were predicted with coefficients of determination (R 2 cal) above 0.90, and standard errors (RSD) of the estimate of 14.4% and 2.26%, respectively. Models of ash and organic matter show R 2 cal > 0.77 and RSD values < 20.4%. For the external validation, the low deviations show the approximation between reference and predicted values and good prediction with R 2 pred > 0.70. All calibration models were acceptable for sample screening. This study demonstrates that PLS can be used to predict biomass composition of different species, with very low costs and time.
In the current search for renewable energy sources, residual biomass has gained ground in the concept of biorefinery. Furanic compounds such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), furfural (FF) and derivatives such as levulinic acid (LA), obtained from biomass, have emerged as important industrial chemical platforms. In this sense, this work aimed to use pequi bark, typical biomass and abundant in the Brazilian cerrado, in the production of HMF, FF and LA using the ionic liquid 1-n-butyl-3-methyl-imidazole bromide ([BMIM][Br]). The analysis of chemical composition of pequi bark showed that it has potential for use in the production of bioproducts, FF, HMF and LA, with yields of 65, 3 and 23.7%, respectively. High glucose conversion rates were found (> 90%). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to obtain the mathematical model with α = 0.05, verifying the significance of the second order model established for HMF (F = 0.00167) and FF (0.004494). The model fit is satisfactory, obtaining the coefficient of determination (R 2) for the HMF and for the FF of 0.9599 and 0.08422, respectively. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that pequi bark has good precursor capacity for use in biorefinery processes.
Biochars are emerging ecological products that show excellent properties in areas such as carbon sequestration, soil improvement, bioremediation, activated carbon and bioenergy. These interesting materials can be synthesized from a wide variety of sources derived from waste, including lignocellulosic biomass waste. In this work, biochars were produced from residues from the Brazilian Amazon, such as green coconut, babassu and Brazil nuts. The synthesis of biochars was performed under pyrolysis conditions with a fixed time of 3 h and temperature variation of 250 ºC (T1) and 400 ºC (T2). Yields of biochar production >85%, carbon contents >56%, and oxygen contents >20% and calorific values >23 MJ.Kg -1 , demonstrate that biochars produced from residual biomass can be used as activated carbon and also as fertilizers in soils, thus adding value to such residues. Besides, the biomasses used were characterized and the achieved remarkable yields of fermentable sugars, reaching up to 70% in cellulose hydrolysis, which can be useful in the production of bioproducts. In addition, the efficient use of these biomasses will positively impact the productive chains involved, benefiting society, generating employment, income, Besides as mitigating an environmental liability.
The pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb) is a fruit native to the Cerrado, with a production of 765 tons per year. However, their peels (76% of the fruit) are generally discarded. In this study, the physical-chemical characterization of the biomass of the pequi was carried out and physical activation processes were developed through slow pyrolysis and physical chemical activation with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) to produce bio-based products, including bio-oil (30.5%) and biochar (34%). Analytical techniques, such as mid-infrared spectroscopy, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, surface area, pore size, approximate and elementary analysis, helped to elucidate, identify and quantify such compounds. The biochars produced showed a low surface area of 30,30 m²/g (BET) and 39.11 m²/g (Langmuir), however the superior calorific power of activated carbon (29.59 kJ.g -1 ) and raw coal (26,92 kJ.g -1 ) highlight the potential of biochar for use as a solid fuel. Bio-oil, on the other hand, presented valuable chemicals in its fraction, such as vaccenic acid (21.23%), palmitic acid (19.73%) and furfural acid (7.04%).
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