Condensation of phenols with but-2-enal and 3-methylbut-2-enal in the presence of phenylboronic acid in acetic acid-toluene solution leads to substituted and condensed 2H-chromenes, constituting a mild and advantageous complement to classical routes for this class of heterocycles.

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An accepted solution to the environmental problems related to a ship's ballast water has been the adoption and proper utilization of approved onboard ballast water plans and management systems (BWMS). On 8 September 2017, the International Maritime Organization Ballast Water Management Convention comes into force, and under this Convention, ships engaged in international trade must have an approved BWMS aboard to discharge ballast water, reducing species transfer. In response to enormous global concern about this problem, the overwhelming majority of the BWMS, approved currently for use by International Maritime Organization (IMO) and United States Coast Guard, utilize two main technologies (electro-chlorination or ultraviolet irradiation) as their principle mode of disinfection, often used in combination with filtration. However, both technologies have been questioned regarding their practically, efficiency, and possible environmental impacts upon discharge. This review article aims to explore some questions about these two technologies, drawing attention to some current uncertainties associated with their use. Also, it draws attention to some technical obstacles and regulatory impediments related to the new development of green biocide technology, which largely has been ignored, despite its potential as a simpler, cleaner and effective technology.

1-Deoxynojirimycin (1) is a natural alkaloid with several biological activities; the analog N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (4), for example has shown potent anti HIV-1 and HIV-2 activity without cytotoxicity. As part of a program to synthesize compounds with biological activity against retroviruses, we developed an efficient route for the preparation of 1 and 4 employing as raw material glucose and others inexpensive reagents.The polyhydroxylated piperidine alkaloid 1-deoxynojirimycin (1), and its derivatives have been studied in numerous scientific investigations because they have demonstrated interesting antidiabetic, 1 anticancer, 2 anti-HIV I and HIV II 3 properties.The N-butyl derivative 4 has been shown to possess potent inhibitory activity of glycosidase enzymes, 4 and within a group including several natural and synthetic amino sugars and bicyclic alkaloids such as the indolizidine castanospermine and pyrrolizidine alexine, it presented the highest cytopathic effect (CPE) at a concentration which did not demonstrate cytotoxicity. 3 This compound is under clinical evaluation as an agent for the chemotherapy of AIDS. 5The compound 1-deoxynojirimycin (1) can be obtained from nojirimycin 6 and L-sorbofuranose 7 by varied chemical transformations. This alkaloid has also been isolated from natural sources such as plants of the genus Morus (Mori cortex, 8 Morus bombycis 9 ) and strains of Bacillus. 10 Regarding synthetic procedures for obtaining 1 and its derivatives, we can cite three different preparative strategies: the first involves as starting materials natural aldohexoses and ketohexoses; 11-16 the second employs a large number of steps using as starting material a chiral C 2 -symmetrical diol, the readily available diethyl L-tartarate; 17 and the third approach uses enzymes to build the skeleton of the desired alkaloid 1. 18,19 The latter synthetic methodology and related techniques of research represent a special field in modern synthetic organic chemistry involving microbiology, biochemistry and immunochemistry; these enantioselective syntheses have been developed employing enzymes isolated from mammals and bacteria. 20,21 The step of ring-closure to make piperidine alkaloids developed by some groups employed dicarbonyl sugar intermediates 22,23 with reductive amination to generate the desired diastereoisomer with high stereoselectivity, initiated by the attack of hydrogen from the bottom face resulting in the formation of the C 4 -C 5 bond in the more favorable trans configuration. As part of a research program to produce anti-retrovirus drugs with potential biological activity we were stimulated by all these representative results to design a straightforward and inexpensive synthesis to deoxynojirimycin (1) and N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimycin (4) employing reductive amination as the key step.The synthesis of 1 and 4 started with 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-glucopyranose (5) which was converted to the desired 1,5-diol 6, in the form of a colorless viscous syrup, in quantitative yield, by reduction of the hemiketa...