To facilitate a clinical observational study to identify healthy volunteers with low (defined as ≤4%) and high (defined as ≥5.5%) omega-3 indices, a dietary questionnaire to rapidly assess habitual dietary intake of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was developed. This study aimed to determine the validity of this newly developed dietary questionnaire. One hundred and eight volunteers were included and were assessed for habitual dietary intake of EPA and DHA using the questionnaire. The United States Department of Agriculture food products database and nutrition fact label was referenced for calculation. Blood samples were collected for the analysis of fatty acids in whole blood specimens and to derive omega-3 indices. A linear correlation was observed between reported dietary consumption of EPA, DHA, EPA+DHA and the whole blood levels of EPA, DHA, and the omega-3 indices (r = 0.67, 0.62, 0.67, respectively, p < 0.001 for all). The findings also suggested that the questionnaire was substantially better at identifying volunteers with high omega-3 indices (sensitivity 89%, specificity 84%, and agreement 86%) compared to volunteers with low omega-3 indices (sensitivity 100%, specificity 66%, and agreement 42%). In conclusion, this newly developed questionnaire is an efficient tool for the assessment of omega-3 indices in study populations and is particularly effective in identifying individuals with high omega-3 indices.
Background Exposure to air pollution is associated with elevated cardiovascular risk. Evidence shows that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 PUFA) may attenuate the adverse cardiovascular effects of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, it is unclear whether habitual dietary intake of omega-3 PUFA protects against the cardiovascular effects of short-term exposure to low-level ambient air pollution in healthy participants. In the present study, sixty-two adults with low or high dietary omega-3 PUFA intake were enrolled. Blood lipids, markers of vascular inflammation, coagulation and fibrinolysis, and heart rate variability (HRV) and repolarization were repeatedly assessed in 5 sessions separated by at least 7 days. This study was carried out in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, USA between October 2016 and September 2019. Daily PM2.5 and maximum 8-h ozone (O3) concentrations were obtained from nearby air quality monitoring stations. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess the associations between air pollutant concentrations and cardiovascular responses stratified by the omega-3 intake levels. Results The average concentrations of ambient PM2.5 and O3 were well below the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards during the study period. Significant associations between exposure to PM2.5 and changes in total cholesterol, von Willebrand factor (vWF), tissue plasminogen activator, D-dimer, and very-low frequency HRV were observed in the low omega-3 group, but not in the high group. Similarly, O3-associated adverse changes in cardiovascular biomarkers (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, serum amyloid A, soluable intracellular adhesion molecule 1, and vWF) were mainly observed in the low omega-3 group. Lag-time-dependent biphasic changes were observed for some biomarkers. Conclusions This study demonstrates associations between short-term exposure to PM2.5 and O3, at concentrations below regulatory standard, and subclinical cardiovascular responses, and that dietary omega-3 PUFA consumption may provide protection against such cardiovascular effects in healthy adults.
Rationale: Exposure to air pollution is associated with adverse respiratory effects. Polyunsaturated omega 3 (n-3) fatty acids (FAs) appear to attenuate the health effects of air pollution.Objectives: This panel study evaluated whether n-3 FA intake and blood levels of polyunsaturated omega 6 (n-6) FAs can modulate the associations between respiratory effects and shortterm exposure to ambient air pollution in healthy adults.Methods: Sixty-two healthy adults were enrolled into either high or low n-3 FA groups on the basis of n-3 FA intake and erythrocyte n-3 FA concentrations. Low and high n-6 FA groups were dichotomized on the basis of blood n-6 FA levels. Participants underwent three to five testing sessions separated by at least 7 days. At each session, the forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ), and plasma markers of inflammation ) and oxidative stress (ox-LDL [oxidized low-density lipoprotein]) were measured. Associations between the ambient ozone and fine particulate matter (PM) (PM with an aerodynamic diameter ,2.5 μm [PM 2.5 ]) levels and the lung function and blood markers were assessed by using mixed-effect models stratified by FA levels.Results: Average levels of ozone (40.8 6 11.1 ppb) and PM 2.5 (10.2 6 4.1 μg/m 3 ) were below national ambient air quality standards during the study period. FVC was positively associated with ozone at a lag of 0 days (lag0) in the high n-3 FA group, whereas the association was null in the low n-3 FA group (for an interquartile range increase in ozone of 1.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.5% to 3.2%] vs. 0.0% [95% CI: 21.4% to 1.5%]); however, the association shifted to being negative at lag4 (21.9% [95% CI: 23.2 to 20.5] vs. 0.2% [95% CI: 21.2% to 1.5%]) and lag5 (21.2% [95% CI: 22.4% to 0.0%] vs. 0.9% [95% CI: 20.4% to 2.3%]). A similar pattern was observed in the low n-6 FA group compared with the high n-6 FA group (lag0: 1.7% [95% CI: 0.3% to 3.0%] vs. 0.5% [95% CI: 20.9% to 2.0%] and lag4: 21.4% [95% CI: 22.8% to 0.0%] vs. 20.5% [95% CI: 21.8% to 0.9%]). The associations between FEV 1 and ozone and between FVC and PM 2.5 also followed a similar pattern. Elevated ozone levels were associated with an immediate decrease in ox-LDL in the high n-3 FA group at lag0 (212.3% [95% CI: 224.8% to 0.1%]), whereas there was no change in the low n-3 FA group (27.5% [95% CI: 221.4% to 6.5%]) and there was a delayed increase in IL-6 in the high n-3 FA group compared with the low n-3 FA group (lag4: 66.9%
Background Short-term exposure to ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is associated with adverse respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. Supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has shown protection against exposure to fine particulate matter. This study aims to investigate whether habitual omega-3 PUFA intake differentially modify the associations between respiratory and cardiovascular responses and short-term exposure to ambient NO2. Methods Sixty-two healthy participants were enrolled into low or high omega-3 groups based on their habitual omega-3 PUFA intake. Each participant was repeatedly assessed for lung function, blood lipids, markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis, vascular function, and heart rate variability (HRV) in up to five sessions, each separated by at least 7 days. This study was carried out in the Research Triangle area of North Carolina, USA between October 2016 and September 2019. Daily ambient NO2 concentrations were obtained from an area air quality monitoring station on the day of outcome assessment (Lag0), 4 days prior (Lag1-4), as well as 5-day moving average (5dMA). The associations between short-term exposure to NO2 and the measured indices were evaluated using linear mixed-effects models stratified by omega-3 levels and adjusted by covariates including relative humidity and temperature. Results The average concentration of ambient NO2 during the study periods was 5.3±3.8 ppb which was below the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). In the high omega-3 group, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in short-term NO2 concentrations was significantly associated with increased lung function [e.g. 1.2% (95%CI: 0.2%, 2.2%) in FVC at lag1, 2.6% (95%CI: 0.4%, 4.8%) in FEV1 at 5dMA], decreased blood lipids [e.g. -2.6% (95%CI: -4.4%, -0.9%) in total cholesterol at lag2, -3.1% (95%CI: -6.1%, 0.0%) in HDL at 5dMA, and -3.1% (95%CI: -5.5%, -0.7%) in LDL at lag2], improved vascular function [e.g. 8.9% (95%CI: 0.6%, 17.2%) increase in FMD and 43.1% (95%CI: -79.8%, -6.3%) decrease in endothelin-1 at 5dMA], and changed HRV parameters [e.g. -7.2% (95%CI: -13.6%, -0.8%) in HFn and 13.4% (95%CI: 0.2%, 28.3%) in LF/HF ratio at lag3]. In the low omega-3 group, an IQR increase in ambient NO2 was associated with elevations in coagulation markers (von Willebrand Factor, D-dimer) and a decrease in HRV (very-low frequency); however, null associations were observed between short-term NO2 exposure and changes in lung function, blood lipids, and vascular function. Conclusions The results in this study imply that dietary omega-3 PUFA consumption may offer respiratory and vascular benefits in response to short-term exposure of healthy adults to NO2 levels below the NAAQS. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02921048).
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.