Plants that inhabit Antarctica have raised scientific interest due to their resilience to climate change, abiotic tolerance mechanisms and potential biological applications. In vitro propagation is useful for conservation, genetic material availability of these species and avoiding mass collection in their habitat. In vitro culture protocols for the native plants Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica and the non-native Juncus bufonius have been affected by endophytic microorganisms that proliferate when introduced to tissue cultures. This study evaluated the microbicidal and phytotoxic effect of calcium hypochlorite (ca(clo) 2), silver nitrate (AgNO 3) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and their use at different concentrations for different time periods. The Ca(ClO) 2 at 100 mg mL −1 showed the best microbial contamination control in D. antarctica (applied for 20 min) and for the three C. quitensis populations (applied for 15 min). In J. bufonius, AgNO 3 at 10 mg mL −1 for 10 min reduced the microbial growth, but oxidative damage was generated. AgNPs did not prevent contamination or have adverse effects on tissues. Survival plantlets from each treatment, population or species were effectively introduced to the tissue culture and their propagation was successful. these results constitute a fundamental advance for the introduction, propagation and conservation of Antarctic species and their use in scientific research. Global loss of biodiversity has increased considerably in recent years, which has made implementing conservation strategies essential for preserving and propagating plant genetic resources in each geographical region 1-3. One method of conservation is through the use of germplasm banks, or facilities and centers created to conserve genetic resources under favorable conditions to prolong their survival; the final objective is the ex-situ conservation of specific genetic diversity. They are a source of material that enables many possibilities for a species of interest, from developing new cultivable varieties, biological technologies, or to establishing ecological restoration plans 4. The Antarctic continent is an extreme ecosystem due to its adverse environmental conditions. Its organisms are exposed to restricted availability of water and nutrients, very low temperatures, frequent freezing and thawing cycles, prolonged periods of darkness in the winter and exposure to high UV radiation levels during summer. These environmental characteristics are inhospitable to most organisms that live in temperate areas 5. In addition, the increase in human activity in the region, and the confirmation that Antarctica is one of the critical points of global warming, make it a continent of highest priority for the conservation and development of multinational and multidisciplinary scientific challenges 6,7. There are only two native flowering plants that have been able to colonize some ice-free areas in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica Desv. (Poaceae) and Colobanthus quitensis (Kunth.) Bartl....
The raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruit is characterized by its richness in functional molecules and high nutritional value, but the high rate of fruit softening limits its quality during postharvest. Raspberry drupelets have a particular ripening regulation, depending partially on the effect of ethylene produced from the receptacle. However, the possible role of abscisic acid (ABA) in the modulation of quality parameters during the ripening of raspberry is unclear. This study characterized the fruit quality-associated parameters and hormonal contents during fruit development in two seasons. The quality parameters showed typical changes during ripening: a drastic loss of firmness, increase in soluble solids content, loss of acidity, and turning to a red color from the large green stage to fully ripe fruit in both seasons. A significant increase in the ABA content was observed during the ripening of drupelets and receptacles, with the higher content in the receptacle of ripe and overripe stages compared to the large green stage. Moreover, identification of ABA biosynthesis-(9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase/NCED) and ABA receptor-related genes (PYRs-like receptors) showed three genes encoding RiNCEDs and nine genes for RiPYLs. The expression level of these genes increased from the large green stage to the full-ripe stage, specifically characterized by a higher expression of RiNCED1 in the receptacle tissue. This study reports a consistent concomitant increase in the ABA content and the expression of RiNCED1, RiPYL1, and RiPYL8 during the ripening of the raspberry fruit, thus supporting the role for ABA signaling in drupelets.
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