Low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation plays a crucial role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and is enhanced in patients with essential hypertension. This finding has stimulated a search for antihypertensive drugs with high intrinsic antioxidant properties. We investigated the antihypertensive and antioxidant effects of carvedilol, a new vasodilating beta-adrenoceptor blocking agent in a group of patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension after 4-month treatment. Carvedilol administration markedly increased the resistance to oxidation of LDL isolated from treated patients to values comparable to those of control, nonhypertensive subjects. This effect was achieved despite a significant loss in LDL-associated vitamin E. The increased resistance of LDL to oxidation promoted by carvedilol was not related to the normalization of previously increased blood pressure (BP). Indeed, the administration of other conventional antihypertensive drugs, capable of decreasing arterial BP but without high intrinsic antioxidant properties, to a control group of matched hypertensive patients failed to ameliorate LDL oxidation parameters. Carvedilol treatment also reduced the extent of in vivo LDL oxidation, as reflected by the decrease in antioxidized LDL autoantibody titer. This effect as well was detected only in the group of carvedilol-treated hypertensive patients and not after the simple reduction in BP obtained with antihypertensive drugs different from carvedilol.
Abstract-In this paper we analyse the use of an extension of tools for service design and business conceptual modelling toward reputation system design for the realisation of Schooladvise a platform for educational services reputation management. The work described in the present paper originates from the intuition that business process modelling, service design and reputation system modelling share many needs, aims and problems: to represent a variety of entities involved in the related domains, to improve services/business in order to meet the users need; moreover they all involve stakeholders with very different background and skills, a problem known as socio-technical mismatch. The objective and the contribution of the analysis presented in this paper is to gather feedback on the proposed modelling language from the end-users (requirements engineers and domain experts) while applying it to a complex case study.
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