[1] We present fully dynamic generic three-dimensional laboratory models of progressive subduction with an overriding plate and a weak subduction zone interface. Overriding plate thickness (T OP ) is varied systematically (in the range 0-2.5 cm scaling to 0-125 km) to investigate its effect on subduction kinematics and overriding plate deformation. The general pattern of subduction is the same for all models with slab draping on the 670 km discontinuity, comparable slab dip angles, trench retreat, trenchward subducting plate motion, and a concave trench curvature. The narrow slab models only show overriding plate extension. Subduction partitioning (v SP⊥ / (v SP⊥ + v T⊥ )) increases with increasing T OP , where trenchward subducting plate motion (v SP⊥ ) increases at the expense of trench retreat (v T⊥ ). This results from an increase in trench suction force with increasing T OP , which retards trench retreat. An increase in T OP also corresponds to a decrease in overriding plate extension and curvature because a thicker overriding plate provides more resistance to deform. Overriding plate extension is maximum at a scaled distance of~200-400 km from the trench, not at the trench, suggesting that basal shear tractions resulting from mantle flow below the overriding plate primarily drive extension rather than deviatoric tensional normal stresses at the subduction zone interface. The force that drives overriding plate extension is 5%-11% of the slab negative buoyancy force. The models show a positive correlation between v T⊥ and overriding plate extension rate, in agreement with observations. The results suggest that slab rollback and associated toroidal mantle flow drive overriding plate extension and backarc basin formation.Citation: Meyer, C., and W. P. Schellart (2013), Three-dimensional dynamic models of subducting plate-overriding plate-upper mantle interaction,

Objective Aged care services increasingly respond to the needs of people with dementia. Non-pharmacological approaches are preferable to reduce responsive behaviours, improve/maintain functional capacity and reduce emotional disorders. This rapid review of systematic reviews aimed to consolidate the evidence for non-pharmacological interventions and determine outcome effectiveness. Methods Systematic review literature was comprehensively searched for non-pharmacological interventions for dementia in residential care. Quality ratings used adapted GRADE methodology, and ease of implementation assessed. Results Of 629 abstracts screened, 81 full-text articles were retrieved, 38 articles included. The strongest evidence for reducing responsive behaviours was music, sensory stimulation, simulated presence and validation therapies. Exercise and light therapy improved/maintained activities of daily living, while cognitive stimulation and reminiscence improved cognition. Strongest evidence for reducing emotional disorders was music, psychological interventions and reminiscence. Conclusion Much evidence of varying quality exists, with resource-constrained residential care providers now able to make evidence-based decisions about non-pharmacological interventions.

Falls among care recipients have a significant impact on carers, including an increased fear of falling, prompting the need for even closer vigilance. WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT THE TOPIC? Falls are a significant problem for older people as one in three older people fall each year and injurious falls are the leading cause of injury-related hospitalisation in older people. In Australia falls cost the economy over $500 million per year. WHAT DOES THIS PAPER ADD? This paper adds a unique perspective to the falls literature, that of the older person's carer. Falls are a significant problem for community-dwelling carers of older people, contributing to carer burden and impeding the carer's ability to undertake activities of daily living because of the perceived need for constant vigilance to prevent the person they care for from falling. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTITIONERS? Practitioners should ensure that carers are aware of evidence-based falls-prevention practices and services, such as group and individual exercise programs, home modifications and podiatry, that might assist to prevent falls in the person they care for and therefore reduce the burden of care.

Provision of choice and participation in falls prevention strategies is challenging for people with dementia. This study outlines development of a discussion tool to aid engagement of people with dementia and their caregivers in falls prevention strategies. The tool is based on a literature review of falls prevention and dementia care (1990–2016) and decision aid principles and was trialed over 6 months. A total of 25 community-dwelling people with dementia (Mage = 80 years, SD = 7.7, 52% male) and their caregivers (Mage = 73 years, SD = 12.3, 36% male) underwent falls risk assessment and evaluation of their preparedness to change falls risk behaviors. Most commonly rated, and prioritized for intervention, high falls risk factors were impaired balance/mobility (92%), polypharmacy (60%), and incontinence (56%). This discussion tool facilitated collaboration between people with dementia, their caregivers, and health professionals, to increase uptake of acceptable and feasible evidence-based falls prevention strategies.