The primary auditory cortex (A1) is an essential, integrative node that encodes the behavioral relevance of acoustic stimuli, predictions, and auditory-guided decision-making. However, the realization of this integration with respect to the cortical microcircuitry is not well understood. Here, we characterize layer-specific, spatiotemporal synaptic population activity with chronic, laminar current source density analysis in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) trained in an auditory decision-making Go/NoGo shuttle-box task. We demonstrate that not only sensory but also task-and choice-related information is represented in the mesoscopic neuronal population code of A1. Based on generalized linear-mixed effect models we found a layer-specific and multiplexed representation of the task rule, action selection, and the animal's behavioral options as accumulating evidence in preparation of correct choices. The findings expand our understanding of how individual layers contribute to the integrative circuit in the sensory cortex in order to code task-relevant information and guide sensorybased decision-making.
Although previous studies have shown that rejection sensitivity (RS) is related to aggressive, prosocial, and withdrawal behaviors, little is known on the underlying mechanisms. This contribution aims to fill this gap by showing the usefulness of differentiating between the cognitive (expectation) and emotional (anxiety, anger) components of RS and testing the potential mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation (ER) strategies for predicting aggressive, prosocial, and withdrawal tendencies. Results from data collected in a sample of young adults (N = 445) showed that rejection expectation was only negatively linked to prosociality and that 2 functional ER strategies (i.e., positive reappraisal and putting into perspective) negatively mediate this relation. Conversely, dysfunctional ER strategies positively mediated the positive links between anger about rejection and aggression (i.e., catastrophizing and other blaming) as well as withdrawal (i.e., catastrophizing) and between anxiety about rejection and withdrawal (i.e., self-blame and rumination). We discussed the implications of the results for the comprehension of the role of ER strategies in behaviors linked to RS.
The primary auditory cortex (A1) is an essential node in the integrative brain network that encodes the behavioral relevance of acoustic stimuli, predictions, and auditory-guided decision making. Previous studies have revealed task-related information being present at both the single-unit and population activity. However, its realization with respect to the cortical microcircuitry is less well understood. In this study, we used chronic, laminar current source density (CSD) analysis from the A1 of behaving Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) in order to characterize layer-specific, spatiotemporal synaptic population activity. Animals were trained to first detect and subsequently to discriminate two pure tone frequencies in consecutive training phases in a Go/NoGo shuttle-box task. We demonstrate that not only sensory but also task-and choice-related information is represented in the mesoscopic neuronal population code distributed across cortical layers. Based on a single-trial analysis using generalized linear-mixed effect models (GLMM), we found infragranular layers to be involved in auditoryguided action initiation during tone detection. Supragranular layers, particularly, are involved in the coding of choice options during tone discrimination. Further, we found that the overall columnar synaptic network activity represents the accuracy of the opted choice. Our study thereby suggests a multiplexed representation of stimulus features in dependence of the task, action selection, and the behavioral options of the animal in preparation of correct choices. The findings expand our understanding of how individual layers contribute to the integrative circuit of the A1 in order to code task-relevant information and guide sensory-based decision making.
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