Agriculture first reached the Iberian Peninsula around 5700 BCE. However, little is known about the genetic structure and changes of prehistoric populations in different geographic areas of Iberia. In our study, we focus on the maternal genetic makeup of the Neolithic (~ 5500–3000 BCE), Chalcolithic (~ 3000–2200 BCE) and Early Bronze Age (~ 2200–1500 BCE). We report ancient mitochondrial DNA results of 213 individuals (151 HVS-I sequences) from the northeast, central, southeast and southwest regions and thus on the largest archaeogenetic dataset from the Peninsula to date. Similar to other parts of Europe, we observe a discontinuity between hunter-gatherers and the first farmers of the Neolithic. During the subsequent periods, we detect regional continuity of Early Neolithic lineages across Iberia, however the genetic contribution of hunter-gatherers is generally higher than in other parts of Europe and varies regionally. In contrast to ancient DNA findings from Central Europe, we do not observe a major turnover in the mtDNA record of the Iberian Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, suggesting that the population history of the Iberian Peninsula is distinct in character.

Agriculture first reached the Iberian Peninsula around 5700 BCE. However, little is known about the genetic structure and changes of prehistoric populations in different geographic areas of Iberia. In our study, we focused on the maternal genetic makeup of the Neolithic (∼ 5500-3000 BCE), Chalcolithic (∼ 3000-2200 BCE) and Early Bronze Age (∼ 2200-1500 BCE). We report ancient mitochondrial DNA results of 213 individuals (151 HVS-I sequences) from the northeast, central, southeast and southwest regions and thus on the largest archaeogenetic dataset from the Peninsula to date. Similar to other parts of Europe, we observe a discontinuity between hunter-gatherers and the first farmers of the Neolithic. During the subsequent periods, we detect regional continuity of Early Neolithic lineages across Iberia, however the genetic contribution of hunter-gatherers is generally higher than in other parts of Europe and varies regionally. In contrast to ancient DNA findings from Central Europe, we do not observe a major turnover in the mtDNA record of the Iberian Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age, suggesting that the population history of the Iberian Peninsula is distinct in character.

A human femur diaphysis in the form of a burin was excavated from a secondary burial context containing osteological remains and industry in the Archaeological Complex of Perdigões (Portugal). The majority of these evidences are thermo-altered and highly fragmented. Radiocarbon dates for this context place it in the middle 3 rd millennium BC.Typological analyses indicate that the human femur fragment is a burin and use-wear comparisons suggest that it was used to drill hide.

This article presents laboratory studies of the archaeological collection from the Sucuriju site which has been stored for decades at the technical reserve of the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. These materials result from Mário Simões' investigations at the Urubu River area, in the municipality of Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil, in the late 1970's and 80's. Recently, this region has been hypothesized as a cultural frontier and is considered key to understanding ethnogenetic and cultural interaction processes in late pre-Columbian times. The reassessment of this old collection, which remained untouched for over 20 years, yielded unprecedented osteological (dental) data for the site. The new analysis of Sucuriju ceramics enabled a better understanding of the local ceramic complexes. We highlight the need for integration between past and current research in this region in order to improve archaeological data both at local and regional scales.Keywords: Amazon archaeology. Museum collections. Dental anthropology. Archaeological ceramics.Resumo: Este artigo apresenta o resultado de estudos laboratoriais feitos em uma coleção arqueológica que está abrigada na reserva técnica do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi há décadas. Esta coleção, proveniente do sítio Sucuriju, resulta de pesquisas de Mário Simões na região do rio Urubu, no município de Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brasil, efetivadas no final da década de 1970 e durante a década de 1980. Recentemente, levantou-se a hipótese de que esta região seria uma fronteira cultural e de sua crucial importância para a compreensão dos processos de interação etnogenética e cultural no período pré-colonial. A reanálise desta coleção antiga, que permaneceu intocada por mais de 20 anos, forneceu dados bioantropológicos dentários inéditos para o sítio. A nova análise da cerâmica do Sucuriju permitiu melhor compreensão dos complexos cerâmicos locais. Enfatiza-se a necessidade de integração entre a pesquisa passada e a atual nessa região para aprofundar o recolhimento de informações tanto em nível local quanto regional.Palavras-chave: Arqueologia amazônica. Coleções museológicas. Antropologia dentária. Cerâmicas arqueológicas.LIMA, Helena Pinto; CUNHA, Claudia M. Reassessing museum archaeological collections: unprecedented osteological and ceramic