Recebido em 15/7/11; aceito em 20/4/12; publicado na web em 10/8/12 THE VOLATILE FRACTION OF SUGAR CANE SPIRITS PRODUCED IN BRAZIL. The volatile fraction of sugar cane spirits plays a key role in the quality and acceptance of these beverages. The composition of this fraction is dependent on the way sugar cane collection, fermentation, distillation and aging are carried out. The materials used in these processes strongly influence chemical composition. Acetic acid, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethanol, 2.3-butanedione, n-propanol, 3-methyl-buthanol and isobuthanol were the major volatiles in spirits. Dimethyl sulfide and n-propanol impaired beverage flavor. Ethyl octanoate, 1.1-diethoxy-ethane, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methyl-butanol were important aroma contributors. Ageing allows the extraction of flavor-active components (e.g., phenolic compounds) from wood.

Caninha is a Brazilian cane aguardent, with an alcoholic graduation from 38 to 54 GL, produced by distillation of fermented sugarcane juice.Volatile compounds (49) of caninha samples not aged and aged in oak or balsam barrels were determined by GC/FID, GC/MS and GC/Sniffing/aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Esters represented the largest group, followed by alcohols and acids. The concentrations of ethyl decanoate and ethyl dodecanoate found in the caninha aged in oak were higher than those from samples not aged and aged in balsam. 2-Methylpropanol and 3-methylbutanol, and decanoic and dodecanoic were the major alcohols and acids, respectively, present in caninha samples. GC/Sniffing/ AEDA analysis indicated a lower content of off-odour notes in aged caninha (31-35%) when compared with not aged one (57%). Important odour notes of wood and caninha-like were sniffed in all the aged samples in the range from 70 to 78 min, at a maximum dilution factor of 2 3 . As the results of AEDA indicated, both methylbutanol, ethyl octanoate and 2-phenylethanol appeared to be important contributors to overall aroma of all the aged caninhas studied. Only 3-methylbutanol and ethyl octanoate were considered as important odourants to the not aged caninha aroma.

Objective: To analyze if female Wistar rats at 56 weeks of age are a suitable model to study osteoporosis. Materials and methods: Female rats with 6 and 36 weeks of age (n = 8 per group) were kept over a 20-week period and fed a diet for mature rodents complete in terms of Ca, phosphorous, and vitamin D. Excised femurs were measured for bone mass using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, morphometry, and biomechanical properties. The following serum markers of bone metabolism were analyzed: parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin (OC), osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor κappa B ligand (RANKL), C-terminal peptides of type I collagen (CTX-I), total calcium, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Results: Rats at 56 weeks of age showed important bone metabolism differences when compared with the younger group, such as, highest diaphysis energy to failure, lowest levels of OC, CTX-I, and ALP, and elevated PTH, even with adequate dietary Ca. Conclusion: Rats at 26-week-old rats may be too young to study age-related bone loss, whereas the 56-week-old rats may be good models to represent the early stages of age-related changes in bone metabolism. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(4):259-64 Keywords Aging; bone metabolism; osteoporosis; menopause ReSUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se ratas Wistar com 56 semanas de idade são um modelo satisfatório para estudar osteoporose. Materiais e métodos: Ratas com 6 e 36 semanas de idade (n = 8 por grupo) foram criadas por um período de 20 semanas e alimentadas com dieta completa em Ca, fósforo e vitamina D para ratas adultas. Os fêmures foram analisados quanto à massa óssea pela téc-nica de absortiometria por dupla fonte de raios-X, morfometria e propriedades biomecânicas; os marcadores séricos do metabolismo ósseo analisados foram paratormônio (PTH), osteocalcina (OC), osteoprotegerina (OPG), fator receptor ativador nuclear κappa B ligante (RANKL), peptídeos C-terminal de colágeno tipo I (CTX-I), cálcio total e atividade da fosfatase alcalina (FA). Resultados: As ratas com 56 semanas de vida apresentaram uma importante diferença no metabolismo ósseo quando comparadas ao grupo das ratas jovens, como, por exemplo, maior energia para quebrar a diáfise do fêmur, menores níveis de OC, CTX-I e ALP e maiores níveis de PTH mesmo com dieta adequada em cálcio. Conclusão: As ratas com 26 semanas de vida podem ser consideradas muito jovens para estudar a perda óssea relacionada à idade, porém, as ratas com 56 semanas de vida podem representar um bom modelo dos estágios iniciais das alterações associadas à idade no metabolismo ósseo. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2012;56(4):259-64 Descritores Envelhecimento; metabolismo ósseo; osteoporose; menopausa

Healthy mice were submitted or not to daily chronic swimming and/or daily yerba mate (YM) infusion intake and had their bloods analyzed after four weeks. We hypothesized that daily intake of YM may act differently on lipid mobilization and, on the creatine, lactate and irisin levels in sedentary mice and those submitted to chronic exercise. The groups were (n=48): YM-non-treated control (NTC), YM-non-treated swimming control (NSC), non-roasted YM (NRY), roasted YM (RY), swimming plus non-roasted YM (SNRY), swimming plus roasted YM (SRY). No significant (P>0.05) difference was observed concerning creatine phosphoskinase (CPK) value. Lactate level decreased significantly (P<0.05) for SNRY and SRY, suggesting accelerated lipid mobilization and glycogen sparing potential. There was significant (P<0.05) body weight loss in all, except for NTC. Higher weight loss in NRY, RY, SNR and SRY indicated greater lipid mobilization. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and irisin had significantly (P<0.05) higher values for RY. This is first report that deals with the effect of YM consumption on serum irisin level. Major amounts of caffeic acid derivatives, slightly increased caffeine and less amount of rutin may be responsible by accelerated lipoperoxidation in sedentary healthy mices chronically treated with roasted YM. Chronically consumed YM plus swimming aid in healthy weight loss. Sedentary lifestyle plus roasted YM chronic consumption may cause accelerated lipid mobilization and increased TBARS production via irisin overexpression leading to an increase in lipoperoxidation.

Introduction: It is common for postmenopausal women to receive a vitamin D supplementation prescription to assist in preventing future falls and to maintain bone health. However, the association between vitamin D supplementation and physical fitness components has not been studied in older women with diabetes. Objective: We examined the influence of 12 months of vitamin D supplementation on the components of physical fitness in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: Thirty-five postmenopausal women (62.48 ± 7.67 years; 154.6 ± 5.11 cm; 73.93 ± 15.43 kg; 31.13 ± 5.82 BMI) with a diagnosis of T2DM participated in this longitudinal study where participants were supplemented with 1000 IU/day of vitamin D over 12 months. Subjects performed fasting blood samples, anthropometric assessments, body composition, clinical exams, and physical tests at 6-month intervals (P0, P6, and P12). Results and Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation alone was effective in postmenopausal women in increasing serum vitamin D levels, altering muscle strength levels, promoting improvements in muscle function, as well as preventing and controlling fragility caused by T2DM and aging.