Kupffer cells (KC) are the phagocytic macrophages of the liver. The rare earth metal, gadolinium (GdCl3), is a lanthanide, which, after phagocytosis by the KC, has been found to alter various aspects of KC physiology. In this study, we describe for the first time that the in vivo administration of GdCl3 to rats decreases the release of NO by isolated rat KC in response to lipopolysaccharide. Western blot analysis shows decreased expression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase as well as total cellular calmodulin after GdCl3 treatment. Possible mechanisms for this phenomenon are suggested.
Hepatic Kupffer cells (KC), the major tissue macrophage population, produce the septic response mediators, tumor necrosis factor ␣ (TNF-␣) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ), and have been shown to internalize gadolinium chloride (GD), a rare earth metal of the lanthanide series. Because GD pretreatment of rats has been shown to inhibit the mortality of sepsis, we studied the secretory response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by KC isolated from rats injected with either saline or GD (7 mg/kg, intravenously) on the 2 days before KC isolation. Using culture conditions modified to reflect the intrasinusoidal milieu of arginine (RPMI-1640 media with 10 or 100 mol/L arginine), KC from GD-treated rats responded to LPS (0.0025 g/mL) with significantly (P F .01) reduced PGE 2 release. In contrast, TNF-␣ release by treated KC was significantly (P F .05) enhanced, consistent with the loss of PGE 2 autocoid inhibition of TNF-␣. Calcium flux is an early signaling event in eicosanoid synthesis, and GD is known to block calcium channels. Therefore, KC were loaded with fura-2-AM to study the effect of GD on KC calcium flux. GD prevented ionomycin and platelet-activating factor (PAF)-mediated [Ca ؉؉ ] i increase and calcium-dependent PGE 2 synthesis, while GD did not affect PGE 2 synthesis when protein kinase C (PKC) was directly activated with tetradecanoylphorbolacetate (TPA). The inhibition of calcium flux and calciumdependent PGE 2 synthesis in the major cell of the monocytic phagocytic system by GD may explain the previously reported ability of this lanthanide to prevent the mortality of endotoxemia. (HEPATOLOGY 1999;29:756-765.)
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