Social worlds shape human bodies and so it is inevitable that there are strong relationships between the body, professional dance and identity. In this article we draw on Bourdieu’s notions of habitus, and various forms of capital, as the main theoretical framework for our discussion. Our ethnography of the balletic body elicited dancers and ex-dancers’ perceptions of their bodies and sought to reveal some of the facets of their embodied habitus. The sheer physicality of their working lives - of feeling exhausted, sweaty and out of breath - is something dancers (like all athletes) become ‘addicted to’. Ageing and injury can reveal this compulsion to dance and so dancers invariably find it very difficult to, for example, give up class once they retire from the stage; or miss a performance if they have a ‘slight injury’. In other words, the vocational calling to dance is so overwhelming that their balletic body is their identity. In addition, there is an unremitting loop between individual habitus and institutional habitus (the ballet company), which affects both the meaning and management of injury. All our informants at the Royal Ballet (London: n = 20) had suffered dance injuries. The injured, dancing body is perceived as an inevitable part of a career in ballet. Everyone spoke of the improved athleticism of dancers, and of the expansion in facilities to maintain healthy dancers. However, most dancers can expect several major injuries during their careers. Such epiphanies force dancers to confront their embodiment, and their thoughts invariably turn to their body, career and self. Critical injuries threaten to terminate a dancer’s career and so endanger their embodied sense of self. On a more everyday level, dancing and performing with painful, niggling injuries is the norm

BackgroundTrials of fluoxetine for recovery after stroke report conflicting results. The Assessment oF FluoxetINe In sTroke recoverY (AFFINITY) trial aimed to determine if daily fluoxetine for 6 months after stroke improves functional outcome in Australasian and Vietnamese patients. MethodsAFFINITY was a randomised, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted in 43 hospital stroke units in Australia (n=29), New Zealand (4), and Vietnam (10). Eligible patients were adults with a clinical diagnosis of stroke in the previous 2-15 days and a persisting neurological deficit. Patients were randomised via a web-based system using a minimisation algorithm to once daily, oral fluoxetine 20mg or matching placebo for 6 months. Patients, investigators and outcome assessors were masked to the treatment allocation. The primary outcome was functional outcome, measured by the modified Rankin scale (mRS), at 6 months. The primary analysis was an ordinal logistic regression of the mRS at 6 months, adjusted for minimisation variables. Analyses were according to the patient's treatment allocation. The trial is registered with the ACTRN registry, number 12611000774921. FindingsPowered by Editorial Manager® and ProduXion Manager® from Aries Systems Corporation 1280 patients were recruited in Australia (n=532), New Zealand (n=42) and Vietnam (n=706) between 11 January 2013 and 30 June 2019; 642 were allocated fluoxetine and 638 placebo. Adherence to trial medication (mean 167 [SD 48] days) was similar between groups. At 6 months, mRS data were available in 624 (97.2%) patients allocated fluoxetine and 632 (99.1%) placebo. The distribution of mRS categories at 6 months was similar in the fluoxetine and placebo groups (adjusted common odds ratio 0.936, 95% CI 0.762-1.150; p=0.53), and consistent among all pre-defined subgroups. Compared to placebo, patients allocated fluoxetine had more falls (20 [3.12%] vs 7 [1.10%]; p=0.02), bone fractures (19 [2•96%] vs 6 [0.94%]; p=0.01) and epileptic seizures (10 [1.56%] vs 2 [0.31%]; p=0.04) at 6 months. InterpretationFluoxetine 20mg daily for 6 months after acute stroke did not improve functional outcome and increased the risk of falls, bone fractures, and seizures. These results do not support the use of fluoxetine to improve outcome after stroke.

A nutritional source of TRP increased the availability of TRP for brain serotonin synthesis and produced endocrine and neuropsychological changes consistent with increased brain serotonin function. The effect of TRP on emotional processing may be relevant to its reported activity in primate studies of social behaviour.

We studied the effect of 2 weeks administration of the 5-HT2C receptor agonist, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), on appetite and body weight in 18 moderately obese subjects in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, mCPP caused a small but significant (0.75 kg) reduction in body weight and in subjective ratings of hunger. Plasma prolactin was significantly elevated by the final dose of mCPP. Our data suggest that during 2 weeks treatment in humans, mCPP may continue to activate brain 5-HT2C receptors, and that this effect is associated with decreases in appetite and body weight.

There is increasing evidence for the efficacy of non-medical strategies to improve mental health and well-being. Get into Reading is a shared reading intervention which has demonstrable acceptability and feasibility. This paper explores potential catalysts for change resulting from Get into Reading. Two weekly reading groups ran for 12 months, in a GP surgery and a mental health drop-in centre, for people with a GP diagnosis of depression and a validated severity measure. Data collection included quantitative measures at the outset and end of the study, digital recording of sessions, observation and reflective diaries. Qualitative data were analysed thematically and critically compared with digital recordings. The evidence suggested a reduction in depressive symptoms for Get into Reading group participants. Three potential catalysts for change were identified: literary form and content, including the balance between prose and poetry; group facilitation, including social awareness and communicative skills; and group processes, including reflective and syntactic mirroring. This study has generated hypotheses about potential change processes of Get into Reading groups. Evidence of clinical efficacy was limited by small sample size, participant attrition and lack of controls. The focus on depression limited the generalisability of findings to other clinical groups or in non-clinical settings. Further research is needed, including assessment of the social and economic impact and substantial trials of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of this intervention.

HLA antibody-incompatible renal transplantation had a high success rate if the CDC XM was negative. Further work is required to predict which CDC+ve XM grafts will be successful and to treat slowly progressive graft damage because of DSA in the first few years after transplantation.

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Background:Disturbances in the regulation of reward and aversion in the brain may underlie disorders such as obesity and eating disorders. We previously showed that the cannabis receptor subtype (CB1) inverse agonist rimonabant, an antiobesity drug withdrawn due to depressogenic side effects, diminished neural reward responses yet increased aversive responses (Horder et al., 2010). Unlike rimonabant, tetrahydrocannabivarin is a neutral CB1 receptor antagonist (Pertwee, 2005) and may therefore produce different modulations of the neural reward system. We hypothesized that tetrahydrocannabivarin would, unlike rimonabant, leave intact neural reward responses but augment aversive responses.Methods:We used a within-subject, double-blind design. Twenty healthy volunteers received a single dose of tetrahydrocannabivarin (10mg) and placebo in randomized order on 2 separate occasions. We measured the neural response to rewarding (sight and/or flavor of chocolate) and aversive stimuli (picture of moldy strawberries and/or a less pleasant strawberry taste) using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Volunteers rated pleasantness, intensity, and wanting for each stimulus.Results:There were no significant differences between groups in subjective ratings. However, tetrahydrocannabivarin increased responses to chocolate stimuli in the midbrain, anterior cingulate cortex, caudate, and putamen. Tetrahydrocannabivarin also increased responses to aversive stimuli in the amygdala, insula, mid orbitofrontal cortex, caudate, and putamen.Conclusions:Our findings are the first to show that treatment with the CB1 neutral antagonist tetrahydrocannabivarin increases neural responding to rewarding and aversive stimuli. This effect profile suggests therapeutic activity in obesity, perhaps with a lowered risk of depressive side effects.