Self‐disclosure is a crucial part of developing close interpersonal relationships during adolescence. In particular, sharing information with a greater depth of intimacy is thought to strengthen social bonds and thus support mental health. The current study investigated the value for different depths of self‐disclosures to close others (mothers and best friends) during adolescence and its association with mental health and well‐being. Fifty‐four girls (11.0–15.9 years) completed a forced‐choice monetary paradigm to assess value for self‐disclosures and questionnaires on mental health. Participants significantly valued (i.e., forfeited monetary reward) for disclosures to both mothers and best friends, although intimate disclosures were more “costly” than superficial disclosures. Greater value for intimate self‐disclosures to mothers was also associated with better mental health and well‐being.
Background. Existing research indicates that spending time in nature is associated with diverse aspects of children’s health and wellbeing. Although fundamental to later life chances and health, no systematic reviews, to our knowledge, have focused specifically on the effects of interaction with nature on socioemotional functioning in childhood. Objectives. To summarise and assess the evidence for associations between spending time in and availability of nature and socioemotional function and development for children, we conducted a systematic review. Additionally, we provide a coherent, evidence-based framework that connects nature interaction and socioemotional development through child behaviours and states that independently show associations with both nature interaction and socioemotional function.Data sources. Embase, Environment Complete, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. Eligible studies were backward and forward snowball-searched. Study eligibility criteria. Studies investigating effects of, or associations between, availability of or interaction with nature on socioemotional or proximal outcomes in children under the age of 12 years were included in this review. Study appraisal and synthesis methods. The internal validity of studies investigating socioemotional outcomes were based on assessments of elements of study design, conduct, and reporting to identify potential issues related to confounding or other biases. The number of analyses indicating positive, negative, and non-significant associations between availability or interaction with green space and the outcomes were summed.Results. A total of 222 eligible full-texts, of which 42 pertained to socioemotional outcomes and 180 to proximal outcomes, met eligibility criteria. Positive associations between availability of and spending time in green space were found with children’s intra- and interpersonal socioemotional function and development. Proportions of positive findings ranged from 14.5% to 50% across experimental and observational research, exposures, populations, and contexts. Modifying and mediating factors were identified. We found consistent evidence for improved aspects of cognition and, for children over six years, reduced risk of obesity and overweight in association with green space; consistent links between movement behaviours in the experimental, but not observational research; tentative trends suggesting associations with play, motor skills, language, screen time, and communication skills; little evidence for positive associations between green space and mood, physical wellbeing, and stress; some evidence for associations with healthy birth outcomes, and little evidence for direct associations between availability of green space and asthma and allergy prevalence, however, mediation via, for example, air pollution was likely.Limitations. We identified few studies without either probable or severe risk of bias in at least one item. Improved study quality may therefore result in different results. Restricting analyses to include only studies considered at low risk of bias indicated similar or slightly lower proportions of positive findings. Risk of bias in proximal outcomes was not assessed.Conclusions. The empirical evidence for benefits of availability of and interaction green space for child socioemotional function and development must currently be considered limited. A number of proximal indicators were identified. Systematic review registration number. PROSPERO ID: CRD42019135016.
BACKGROUND Youth mental health problems are a major public health concern, and are strongly associated with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Technology-assisted parenting programs can intervene with ACEs that are within a parent’s capacity to modify. However, engagement with such programs is sub-optimal. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to describe and appraise the efficacy of strategies used to engage parents in technology-assisted parenting programs targeting ACEs, on behavioural and subjective outcomes of engagement. METHODS Using the PRISMA method, we conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed papers which described the use of at least one engagement strategy in a technology-assisted parenting program targeting ACEs that are within a parent’s capacity to modify. Eight inter-disciplinary bibliographic databases and grey literature were searched. Use of engagement strategies and measures was narratively synthesised. Associations between specific engagement strategies and engagement outcomes were quantitatively synthesised using Stouffer’s method of combining p values. RESULTS We identified 156 articles that were eligible for inclusion, 29 of which were associated with another article, hence 127 studies were analysed. Preliminary evidence for a reliable association between five engagement strategies (involving parents in a program’s design, delivering a program online compared to face-to-face, the use of personalisation/tailoring features, user control features and provision of practical support) and greater engagement was found. Three engagement strategies (professional support features, use of videos and behaviour change techniques were not found to have a reliable association with engagement outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This review provides a comprehensive assessment and description of the use of engagement strategies and engagement measures in technology-assisted parenting programs targeting parenting-related ACEs, and extends current evidence with preliminary quantitative findings. Heterogeneous definition and measurement of engagement, and insufficient engagement outcome data, were caveats to this synthesis. Future research can use integrated definitions and measures of engagement to support robust systematic evaluation of engagement in this context. CLINICALTRIAL PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020209819
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