The present study had 2 goals: (a) evaluate the effectiveness of service-learning on counselor trainees' multicultural counseling competence (MCC); and (b) explore trainees' own perspectives on service-learning. To achieve the first goal, we conducted hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analysis on data from 74 participants including a service-learning group (n ϭ 52) and a comparison group (n ϭ 22). The service-learning group showed significantly higher levels of MCC than those in the comparison group, t ϭ 3.10, p Ͻ .001. To achieve the second goal, we qualitatively analyzed trainees' responses to their experiences in service-learning using consensual qualitative research methodology (CQR;Hill et al., 1997). Consistent with quantitative results, qualitative domains regarding participant experience in the service-learning condition also revealed increase in MCC. We discuss the implications, limitations, and directions for further research on service-learning.
This article describes the supervision process between a Hmong-American supervisor and a Chinese international trainee who provided clinical treatment to a Southeast Asian refugee client. The international trainee encountered difficulties with relating to the client and appropriately integrating cultural factors into clinical work. Retrospective analysis of the trainee's experience illuminated three factors that unpacked cultural factors related to the international trainee's professional identity, increased the trainees clinical effectiveness, and improved her clinical development. These include the supervisor's use of the multicultural orientation framework (Owen, Tao, Leach, & Rodolfa, 2011), cultural discussions, and supervisor selfdisclosure. As a result, the trainee demonstrated an increase in her cultural humility, cultural comfort, and her ability to utilize cultural opportunities in sessions. Recommendations for supervision training and research are provided because they relate to supervising international trainees.
Public Significance StatementThis article identifies several supervision techniques that enrich the understanding of supervising counseling psychology trainees with international backgrounds. Supervisors may initiate discussions about different cultures and share appropriate personal and professional experiences to help improve novice therapists' self-confidence and clinical effectiveness. The discussions in this study also underscore the pivotal role of developing therapists' abilities to counsel culturally diverse clients.
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